Demanda de mano de obra y rentabilidad de bancos forrajeros en esparza, Costa Rica

Abstract

En Esparza (Costa Rica) se evaluó la viabilidad de invertir en bancos forrajeros (BF) como alternativa de suplementación para vacas en sistema doble propósito durante la época seca (125 días). Se usaron como indicadores de rentabilidad el Valor Presente Neto (VPN) y la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad para el incremento del precio de la leche, los concentrados, la gallinaza y la mano de obra. Los modelos se elaboraron comparando los BF de plantas leñosas perennes de corte y acarreo de Cratylia argentea + caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum) (BFC) y de ramoneo Leucaena leucocephala (BFL) vs. suplementos comerciales tipos concentrado y gallinaza. En los BFC se requirieron 71.1 jornales/año y el análisis financiero indicó que son rentables al compararlos con la gallinaza (VPN = US$362.2, TIR = 17%) y concentrados (VPN = US$1953.9; TIR=39%). En BFL se requirieron 13 jornales/año y fueron igualmente rentables en comparación con gallinaza (VPN = US$1594.7; TIR = 21%) y con concentrados (VPN = US$3619.6; TIR=35%). Los modelos fueron sensibles a la producción y cambios de precios en la leche, gallinaza, concentrados y el valor del jornal. Los BF son una buena alternativa para la suplementación de ganado en la época seca y una importante fuente de empleo en la región; sin embargo, los altos costos de la mano de obra contratada pueden limitar la adopción.

We made a financial analysis in order to assess the feasibility to invest in Fodder Banks as an alternative for supplementing animals in dual purpose systems during the dry season (125 days). Models were constructed to compare cutting and carrying of perennial woody fodder banks (Veranera) Cratylia argentea + sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) and browsing fodder banks of Leucaena leucocephala with two supplements: concentrates and chicken manure. The indicators used for the financial evaluation of the systems were Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Return Rate (IRR). A sensitivity analysis was carried out with an increase in milk, concentrate and chicken manure and labor prices. We found that Perennial Fodder Banks required in average 71.1 man labor year-1 for their management. Financial analysis showed that they are profitable when compared to chicken manure (NPV= US$ 362.2; IRR=17%) and concentrates (NPV: US$ 1953.9; IRR=39%). Fodder banks with Leucaena required 13 man labor year-1 for their management.. They are profitable when compared to chicken manure (NPV=US$1594.7; IRR=21%) and with concentrates (NPV=US$3619.6; IRR=35%). The models were sensible to changes in milk production, reduction in price of chicken manure and concentrates and reduction both in the labor price and price of milk. In summary, fodder banks are a good alternative for supplementing animal in the dry season and an important source of employment in the region; nevertheless, the high cost of hired labor could limit their adoption.