Influencia de la composición química de la adición cálcica en la activación alcalina de arcillas de bajo grado

dc.contributor.advisorTobón, Jorge Iván
dc.contributor.advisorHoyos Montilla, Ary Alain
dc.contributor.authorCabrera Poloche, Francisco Dario
dc.contributor.cvlacCabrera Poloche, Francisco Dario [0001746241]
dc.contributor.cvlacTobón, Jorge Iván [0000257737]
dc.contributor.cvlacHoyos Montilla, Ary Alain [0001419327]
dc.contributor.orcidCabrera Poloche, Francisco Dario [0009000140465035]
dc.contributor.orcidTobón, Jorge Iván [0000000214511309]
dc.contributor.orcidHoyos Montilla, Ary Alain [0000000151157233]
dc.contributor.researchgroupGrupo del Cemento y Materiales de Construcción
dc.contributor.scopusCabrera Poloche, Francisco Dario [57218397948]
dc.contributor.scopusTobón, Jorge Iván [26650262800]
dc.contributor.scopusHoyos Montilla, Ary Alain [57195773567]
dc.date.accessioned2026-05-05T17:00:43Z
dc.date.available2026-05-05T17:00:43Z
dc.date.issued2026-01-09
dc.descriptionIlustracionesspa
dc.description.abstractDentro de las estrategias para reducir el impacto ambiental asociado a la producción de cemento Portland ordinario (OPC), los materiales activados alcalinamente (AAM) han demostrado ser una alternativa viable, al ofrecer reducciones potenciales de hasta un 70% en las emisiones de CO2 y un desempeño mecánico y de durabilidad comparable o superior. Tradicionalmente, su fabricación se ha basado en residuos industriales como escorias de alto horno y cenizas volantes; sin embargo, su heterogeneidad y limitada disponibilidad han impulsado la búsqueda de precursores más homogéneos y abundantes. En este contexto, las arcillas caoliníticas calcinadas han cobrado relevancia por su contenido reactivo en sílice y alúmina, aunque los depósitos de caolín puro son escasos y costosos frente a otros depósitos arcillosos como los de bajo grado. Por ello, las arcillas de bajo grado caolinítico (< 40% caolinita) emergen como una alternativa estratégica, pese a su variabilidad mineralógica (impurezas) donde se destaca la presencia de carbonatos, como la calcita (CaCO3), que pueden modificar la respuesta cementante. Se ha encontrado que la presencia de calcio durante la activación térmica de la arcilla o durante la activación alcalina de las pastas cementantes modifica la microestructura de la matriz cementante, así como los geles cementantes que se forman durante este proceso [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]; por lo que es importante conocer la composición química del calcio presente en el precursor (CaCO3, CaO cristalino, CaO amorfo, etc.), así como el momento en el cual está presente el calcio en el sistema: 1) antes de la activación térmica, es decir, calcinación conjunta con la arcilla; 2) durante la activación alcalina de las pastas cementantes, es decir, adicionada luego de la calcinación individual de la arcilla (como en algunas de las investigaciones citadas). De acuerdo con esto, en este trabajo se evaluó la influencia que tiene la composición química de la adición cálcica (CaCO3 de la caliza y Ca(OH)2 de la cal) sobre la mineralogía, el desempeño mecánico (resistencia a compresión) y la durabilidad (carbonatación) en la activación alcalina de arcillas de bajo grado caolinítico, para la obtención de pastas cementantes activadas alcalinamente (AAC). También se estudió el efecto de su momento de incorporación (antes y después de la calcinación de la arcilla), el contenido de calcio y los geles cementantes formados responsables del desempeño mecánico y de la durabilidad. Mediante una metodología basada en el control de relaciones molares y el uso de técnicas de caracterización convencionales como DRX, DTG, FTIR y SEM-EDS, se identificaron fases mineralógicas que afectaron el desarrollo de la resistencia mecánica y la durabilidad; así como la presencia de dos geles cementantes principales: (C,N)-A-S-H (cuya estructura predominante es bidimensional) y (N,C)-A-S-H (cuya estructura predominante es tridimensional). Además, la estabilidad de estos geles dependió fuertemente del contenido de calcio y del grado de carbonatación. Los resultados demostraron que la calcinación conjunta con hidróxido de calcio favoreció la reactividad de las harinas (polvo obtenido tras la calcinación conjunta de arcilla y cal), la formación de geles más estables y la reducción de la carbonatación, obteniéndose el mejor desempeño para una relación Ca/Si teórica de 0.9 (21.5% de fuente de calcio). Se determinó además un umbral máximo de carbonatos cristalinos (≈ 25.7%), por encima del cual la microestructura pierde cohesión y disminuyen la resistencia y la durabilidad. Este rendimiento en las pastas de Ca/Si 0.9 fue explicado por la mayor cantidad de amorfos (geles cementantes) formados, efecto “tapón” por carbonatos adecuado (debajo del umbral máximo encontrado) y la estabilidad de geles frente a la carbonatación (control de alcalinidad y baja tasa de carbonatación), exhibiendo un equilibrio entre el calcio disponible y la capacidad de gel para incorporarlo En cuanto al momento de incorporación, la calcinación conjunta de la arcilla con la fuente de calcio (“antes”) permitió una integración más uniforme del calcio a la matriz aluminosilicatada, generando microestructuras más densas, mayor resistencia y una evolución más lenta del frente carbonatado. De manera que, en conjunto, esta investigación evidencia que el tipo de fuente de calcio, su porcentaje y el momento de incorporación controlan de manera decisiva la formación y estabilidad de los geles cementantes, permitiendo optimizar el comportamiento de las pastas AAC en condiciones reales y severas de exposición de CO2 (0.04% y 1% respectivamente). (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractWithin the strategies to reduce the environmental impact associated with the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), alkali-activated materials (AAM) have proven to be a viable alternative, offering potential reductions of up to 70% in CO2 emissions and a comparable or superior mechanical and durability performance. Traditionally, their production has been based on industrial wastes such as blast furnace slags and fly ashes; however, their heterogeneity and limited availability have driven the search for more homogeneous and abundant precursors. In this context, calcined kaolinitic clays have gained relevance due to their reactive silica and alumina content, although pure kaolin deposits are scarce and expensive compared to other clay deposits, such as low-grade clays. Therefore, low-grade kaolinitic clays (< 40% kaolinite) emerge as a strategic alternative, despite their mineralogical variability (impurities) and the presence of carbonates, such as calcite (CaCO3), that can modify the cementing response. It has been found that the presence of calcium during the thermal activation of clay or during the alkaline activation of cementitious pastes modifies the microstructure of the cementitious matrix, as well as the cementitious gels that form during this process [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. Therefore, it is important to know the chemical composition of the calcium present in the precursor (CaCO3, crystalline CaO, amorphous CaO, etc.), as well as the moment at which calcium is present in the system: 1) before thermal activation, i.e., calcination together with the clay; 2) during the alkaline activation of the cementitious pastes, i.e., added after the individual calcination of the clay (as in some of the research cited). Accordingly, this work evaluated the influence of the chemical composition of the calcium-bearing addition (CaCO3 from limestone and Ca(OH)2 from lime) on the mineralogy, mechanical performance (compressive strength) and durability (carbonation) in the alkali activation of low-grade kaolinitic clays, to produce alkali-activated cementitious pastes (AAC). The effect of its incorporation time (before and after clay calcination), calcium content and the formed cementitious gels responsible for mechanical performance and durability were also studied. Through a methodology based on the control of molar ratios and the use of conventional characterization techniques such as XRD, TG-DTG, FTIR and SEM-EDS, mineralogical phases that affected the development of mechanical strength and durability were identified, as well as the presence of two main cementitious gels: (C,N)-A-S-H (whose predominant structure is bidimensional) and (N,C)-A-S-H (whose predominant structure is tridimensional). In addition, the stability of these gels depended strongly on the calcium content and the degree of carbonation. The results showed that joint calcination with calcium hydroxide enhanced the reactivity of the powders (powder obtained after the joint calcination of clay and lime), the formation of more stable gels and the reduction of carbonation, achieving the best performance for a theoretical Ca/Si ratio of 0.9 (21.5% calcium source). A maximum threshold of crystalline carbonates (≈ 25.7%) was also determined, above which the microstructure loses cohesion and both strength and durability decrease. This performance in Ca/Si 0.9 pastes was explained by the greater amount of amorphous material (cementing gels) formed, an adequate ‘blocking’ effect by carbonates (below the maximum threshold found) and the stability of gels against carbonation (alkalinity control and low carbonation rate), exhibiting a balance between available calcium and the gel’s capacity to incorporate it. Regarding the moment of incorporation, the joint calcination of the clay with the calcium source (“before”) allowed for a more uniform integration of calcium into the aluminosilicate matrix, generating denser microstructures, greater resistance, and a slower evolution of the carbonated front. Altogether, this research demonstrates that the type of calcium source, its proportion and the moment of incorporation decisively control the formation and stability of cementitious gels, enabling the optimization of AAC paste performance under real and severe CO2 exposure conditions (0.04% and 1%, respectively).eng
dc.description.curricularareaMateriales Y Nanotecnología.Sede Medellín
dc.description.degreelevelMaestría
dc.description.degreenameMaestría en Ingeniería - Materiales y Procesos
dc.description.notesArtículo publicado en actas de conferencias (conference proceedings) vol. III: “Influence of Rice Husk on Thermal Activation and Pozzolanic Activity of Tropical Soils” Cabrera Poloche, Francisco Dario; Hoyos Montilla, Ary Alain; Tobón, Jorge Iván; Díaz García, Andrés Camilo; Echeverri Aguirre, Mauled Yesenia; González Betancur, Daniela. The 16th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement 2023 (ICCC2023) “Further Reduction of CO2 -Emissions and Circularity in the Cement and Concrete Industry” (2023). https://www.iccc-online.org/archive/eng
dc.description.notes“Influence of Ca/Si ratio on the compressive strength of alkali-activated cements based on low-grade kaolinitic calcined clay”. Cabrera Poloche Francisco Dario, Hoyos Montilla Ary Alain, Tobón Jorge Iván. 33rd International Materials Research Congress. Sociedad Mexicana de Materiales A. C. Presentación oral realizada entre el 17-21/08/2025. Cancún, México.eng
dc.description.notes“Influencia del pretratamiento de la cascarilla de arroz en la actividad puzolánica de suelos tropicales”. Cabrera Poloche, Francisco Darío; Villa Pérez, Neyder; Echeverri Aguirre, Mauled Yesenia; Hoyos Montilla, Ary Alain; Tobón, Jorge Iván. XII Congreso Internacional de Materiales CIM 2024. Universidad de Medellín. Presentación oral realizada entre el 25-27/09/2024. Medellín, Colombia.eng
dc.description.notes“Influence of Rice Husk on Thermal Activation and Pozzolanic Activity of Tropical Soils”. Cabrera Poloche, Francisco Dario; Hoyos Montilla, Ary Alain; Tobón, Jorge Iván; Díaz García, Andrés Camilo; Echeverri Aguirre, Mauled Yesenia; González Betancur, Daniela. The 16th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement 2023 (ICCC2023) “Further Reduction of CO2 -Emissions and Circularity in the Cement and Concrete Industry”. Póster presentado entre el 18-22/09/2023. Bangkok, Tailandia.eng
dc.description.notesBeca para participar en el “Curso doctoral internacional: LC3 Doctoral School. Characterisation Methods of blended cements”. Laboratory of Construction Materials. École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (2024). Lausana, Suiza.eng
dc.description.notesBeca para participar en el “Curso doctoral internacional: Cementos alcalinos”. Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (2024). Madrid, España.spa
dc.description.notesBeca para participar en el “Curso doctoral internacional: Química del Cemento - Tomás Vázquez”. Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja (2024). Madrid, España.spa
dc.description.notesEsta tesis fue financiada por la adquisición de la Beca de MinCiencias SGR Convocatoria 15 para estudios de posgrado (maestría) “Convocatoria para la formación de capital humano de alto nivel para los departamentos de Amazonas, Arauca, Boyacá, Caquetá, Casanare, Guaviare, Nariño, Putumayo, San Andrés, Vichada en el marco de la celebración del bicentenario y de la convocatoria 15 del plan bienal del FCTeI 2021-2022”.spa
dc.description.notesSe sugiere distinción Meritoria por parte de los Jurados de evaluación de tesis de maestría: Dra. Ana María Fernández Jiménez y Dra. Susan Andrea Bernal López.spa
dc.description.notesParticipación en el Proyecto “Desarrollo de nuevos productos a partir del material remanente en el proceso de incineración de RSU utilizados en la producción de electricidad en la isla de San Andrés”. Proyecto del Sistema General de Regalías (SGR). Código BPIN 2021000100040. Departamento De Materiales Y Minerales (301170101). Grupo de investigación Grupo del Cemento y Materiales de la Construcción – CEMATCO, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.spa
dc.description.notesParticipación en el Proyecto “Fortalecimiento de las capacidades científicas a través de la fabricación de cementos no convencionales para la mejora de pavimentos de vías terciarias de la región de los llanos, departamento de Arauca”. Proyecto del Sistema General de Regalías (SGR). Código BPIN 2020000100407. Departamento De Materiales Y Minerales (301170101). Grupo de investigación Grupo del Cemento y Materiales de la Construcción – CEMATCO, Universidad Nacional de Colombia.spa
dc.description.researchareaActivación alcalina de materiales
dc.description.researchareaMateriales cementantes alternativos
dc.description.researchareaValorización de residuos
dc.description.sponsorshipEl desembolso fue realizado a través de la adquisición de beca condonable por Fundación para el Futuro de Colombia Colfuturo.
dc.format.extent1 recurso en línea (175 páginas)
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89948
dc.language.isospa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Minas
dc.publisher.placeMedellín, Colombia
dc.publisher.programMedellín - Minas - Maestría en Ingeniería - Materiales y Procesos
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subject.ddc540 - Química y ciencias afines::542 - Técnicas, procedimientos, aparatos, equipos, materiales
dc.subject.ddc690 - Construcción de edificios::691 - Materiales de construcción
dc.subject.ddc540 - Química y ciencias afines::542 - Técnicas, procedimientos, aparatos, equipos, materiales
dc.subject.lembArcilla
dc.subject.lembGeopolimero
dc.subject.lembIndustria del cemento
dc.subject.lembResiduos industriales
dc.subject.lembMineralogía
dc.subject.proposalArcilla de bajo gradospa
dc.subject.proposalActivación alcalinaspa
dc.subject.proposalAdición cálcicaspa
dc.subject.proposalAlkali-activationeng
dc.subject.proposalCalcium additioneng
dc.subject.proposalDurabilityeng
dc.titleInfluencia de la composición química de la adición cálcica en la activación alcalina de arcillas de bajo gradospa
dc.title.translatedInfluence of the chemical composition of the calcium addition on the alkali activation of low-grade clayseng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentPúblico general
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadores
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
oaire.awardtitleBeca de MinCiencias SGR Convocatoria 15 para estudios de posgrado (maestría) “Convocatoria para la formación de capital humano de alto nivel para los departamentos de Amazonas, Arauca, Boyacá, Caquetá, Casanare, Guaviare, Nariño, Putumayo, San Andrés, Vichada en el marco de la celebración del bicentenario y de la convocatoria 15 del plan bienal del FCTeI 2021-2022”.
oaire.fundernameMinisterio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia (MinCiencias). Sistema General de Regalías (SGR).

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