Recuperación de cobalto a partir del reciclaje de baterías ion-litio mediante el uso de biolixiviación y electroobtención

dc.contributor.advisorOcampo Carmona, Luz Marinaspa
dc.contributor.advisorMárquez Godoy, Marco Antoniospa
dc.contributor.authorEstrada Ramírez, Nataliaspa
dc.contributor.corporatenameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellínspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupCiencia y Tecnología de Materialesspa
dc.date.accessioned2020-08-27T21:04:43Zspa
dc.date.available2020-08-27T21:04:43Zspa
dc.date.issued2020-08-27spa
dc.description.abstractDe la misma forma en la que se recupera cobalto desde su fuente primaria (minería), es importante recuperarlo a partir de los residuos electrónicos que lo contienen, como las baterías ion-litio gastadas. Hasta el momento se ha probado que por medios bio es posible recuperarlo tanto desde el mineral como desde presas de relaves, sin embargo, la posibilidad de recuperarlo secundariamente a partir de baterías ion-litio gastadas, aunque ha sido explorada requiere más estudio. Con el fin de recuperar cobalto de esta forma se realizó una recolección de celdas de baterías ion-litio, dónde se obtuvo una mayoría de la marca Samsung de una referencia en particular. Estas baterías se procesaron para separar el material catódico, el cual posteriormente se caracterizó por ICP encontrándose un contenido de 9,64% en peso de cobalto. Luego se continuó con la etapa de biolixiviación en la que se realizó una reactivación de doce cepas de Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (Af), cuatro de Leptospirillum ferrooxidans (Lf) y cinco de Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (At), con las cuales se procedió a realizar un tamizado de cepas, al final de este se concluyó continuar con una biolixiviación en dos pasos. Para este fin se utilizó la cepa At ATCC 19377 en medio 9K y con azufre elemental como fuente de energía para producir el ácido biogénico en un primer paso, el cual, luego de haberse producido se filtró al vacío a 0,45 µm. En un segundo paso se utilizó el ácido biogénico para biolixiviar el material catódico proveniente de las baterías ion-litio, este proceso se realizó con el material catódico intacto y triturado, obteniéndose un porcentaje de lixiviación del 96,9% para el material catódico intacto y del 98,5% para el material catódico triturado, determinado por UV-vis. Finalmente se procedió a realizar la electroobtención del cobalto a partir de la solución madre de sulfato obtenida en la biolixiviación, la cual se realizó a temperatura ambiente y a 60°C, el depósito a temperatura ambiente fue más irregular, con una textura granosa y presentó un porcentaje de pureza del 77,87% Co, mientras que el depósito a 60°C resultó ser liso, regular y presentó un porcentaje de pureza del 84,01% Co, éstas se obtuvieron por FRX.spa
dc.description.abstractIn the same way that cobalt is recovered from its primary source (mining), it is important to recover it from the electronic waste that contains it, such as spent lithium-ion batteries. So far, it has been proven that by bio means it can be recovered both from the mineral and from tailings dams, however, the possibility of recovering it secondarily from spent lithium-ion batteries, although it has been explored requires further study. In order to recover cobalt in this way, a lithium-ion battery cell gather was performed, where a majority was a particular reference of Samsung brand. These batteries were processed to separate the cathodic material, which was subsequently characterized by ICP finding a content of 9,64% by weight of cobalt. Then the bioleaching stage was continued in which a reactivation of twelve strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (Af), four of Leptospirillum ferrooxidans (Lf) and five of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (At) were carried out, with which a screennig was carried, at the end of this it was concluded to continue with a bioleaching in two-steps. For this purpose, the strain At ATCC 19377 was used in 9K medium and with elemental sulfur as a source of energy to produce the biogenic acid in a first step, which, after having been produced, was filtered under vacuum at 0,45 µm. In a second step, the biogenic acid was used to bioleach the cathode material from the lithium-ion batteries, this process was carried out with the cathode material intact and crushed, obtaining a leaching percentage of 96,9% for the intact cathode material and 98,5% for crushed cathodic material, determined by UV-vis. Finally, the electrowinning of cobalt was carried out from the sulfate pregnant solution obtained in bioleaching, which was performed at room temperature and at 60°C, the deposit at room temperature was more irregular, with a grainy texture and presented a percentage of purity of 77,87% Co, while the deposit at 60°C was smooth, regular and presented a purity percentage of 84,01% Co, purities were obtained by XRF.spa
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.format.extent144spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.citationN. Estrada-Ramírez, «Recuperación de cobalto a partir del reciclaje de baterías ion-litio mediante el uso de biolixiviación y electroobtención,» Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, 2020.spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/78292
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellínspa
dc.publisher.departmentDepartamento de Materiales y Mineralesspa
dc.publisher.programMedellín - Minas - Maestría en Ingeniería - Materiales y Procesosspa
dc.relation.referencesB. Xin et al., “Bioleaching mechanism of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion battery by the mixed culture of acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing and iron-oxidizing bacteria,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 100, no. 24, pp. 6163–6169, 2009.spa
dc.relation.referencesC. Erüst, A. Akcil, C. S. Gahan, A. Tuncuk, and H. Deveci, “Biohydrometallurgy of secondary metal resources: A potential alternative approach for metal recovery,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 2115–2132, 2013.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. Heydarian, S. M. Mousavi, F. Vakilchap, and M. Baniasadi, “Application of a mixed culture of adapted acidophilic bacteria in two-step bioleaching of spent lithium-ion laptop batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 378, no. September 2017, pp. 19–30, 2018.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. Mishra, D. J. Kim, D. E. Ralph, J. G. Ahn, and Y. H. Rhee, “Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,” Waste Manag., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 333–338, 2008.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. Zeng, S. Luo, X. Deng, L. Li, and C. Au, “Influence of silver ions on bioleaching of cobalt from spent lithium batteries,” Miner. Eng., vol. 49, pp. 40–44, 2013.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Li, G. sheng Zeng, S. lian Luo, X. rong Deng, and Q. ji Xie, “Influences of solution pH and redox potential on the bioleaching of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries,” J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 187–192, 2013.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Huang, R. Guo, L. Jiang, X. Quan, Y. Sun, and G. Chen, “Synergetic interactions improve cobalt leaching from lithium cobalt oxide in microbial fuel cells,” Bioresour. Technol. J., vol. 128, pp. 539–546, 2013.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. B. Horeh, S. M. Mousavi, and S. A. Shojaosadati, “Bioleaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion mobile phone batteries using Aspergillus Niger,” J. Power Sources, vol. 320, pp. 257–266, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesY. Xin, X. Guo, S. Chen, J. Wang, F. Wu, and B. Xin, “Bioleaching of valuable metals Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent electric vehicle Li-ion batteries for the purpose of recovery,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 116, pp. 249–258, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. Bahaloo-Horeh and S. M. Mousavi, “Enhanced recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through optimization of organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger,” Waste Manag., vol. 60, pp. 666–679, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Hartono, M. A. Astrayudha, H. T. B. M. Petrus, W. Budhijanto, and H. Sulistyo, “Lithium recovery of spent lithium-ion battery using bioleaching from local sources microorganism,” Rasayan J. Chem., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 897–903, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesP. Patnaik, S. K. Padhy, B. C. Tripathy, I. N. Bhattacharya, and R. K. Paramguru, “Electrodeposition of cobalt from aqueous sulphate solutions in the presence of tetra ethyl ammonium bromide,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 2047–2053, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. A. Bertuol, F. D. R. Amado, H. Veit, J. Z. Ferreira, and A. M. Bernardes, “Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from Spent NiMH Batteries by Electrowinning,” Chem. Eng. Technol., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2084–2092, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. B. J. G. Freitas, V. G. Celante, and M. K. Pietre, “Electrochemical recovery of cobalt and copper from spent Li-ion batteries as multilayer deposits,” J. Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 10, pp. 3309–3315, 2010spa
dc.relation.referencesB. Panda, S. C. Das, and R. K. Panda, “Effect of added cobalt ion on electro-deposition of copper from sulfate bath using graphite and Pb-Sb anodes,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 95, no. 1–2, pp. 87–91, 2009.spa
dc.relation.referencesI. G. Sharma, P. Alex, A. C. Bidaye, and A. K. Suri, “Electrowinning of cobalt from sulphate solutions,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 80, no. 1–2, pp. 132–138, 2005.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. E. Elsherief, “Effects of cobalt, temperature and certain impurities upon cobalt electrowinning from sulfate solutions,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 43–49, 2003.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. Pradhan, P. Singh, B. C. Tripathy, and S. C. Das, “Electrowinning of cobalt from acidic sulphate solutions-effect of chloride ion,” Miner. Eng., vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 775–783, 2001.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. S. Pilla, M. M. E. Duarte, and C. E. Mayer, “Some aspects of removal of copper and cobalt from mixed ion dilute solutions,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 831–838, 2000.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Xu, H. R. Thomas, R. W. Francis, K. R. Lum, J. Wang, and B. Liang, “A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 512–527, 2008.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Kang, J. Sohn, H. Chang, G. Senanayake, and S. M. Shin, “Preparation of cobalt oxide from concentrated cathode material of spent lithium ion batteries by hydrometallurgical method,” Adv. Powder Technol., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 175–179, 2010.spa
dc.relation.referencesY. feng SHEN, W. ying XUE, and W. yong NIU, “Recovery of Co(II) and Ni(II) from hydrochloric acid solution of alloy scrap,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1262–1268, 2008.spa
dc.relation.referencesX. Chen, L. Cao, D. Kang, J. Li, T. Zhou, and H. Ma, “Recovery of valuable metals from mixed types of spent lithium ion batteries. Part II: Selective extraction of lithium,” Waste Manag., vol. 80, pp. 198–210, 2018.spa
dc.relation.referencesK. B. Shedd, E. A. Mccullough, and D. I. Bleiwas, “Global trends affecting the supply security of cobalt,” Min. Eng. Mag., no. December, pp. 37–42, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. R. Wilburn, “Cobalt mineral exploration and supply from 1995 through 2013,” USGS Miner. Resour. Progr., pp. 1 online resource (iii, 16 p.), 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesE. Sangine, “Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020,” Reston, Virginia, 2020.spa
dc.relation.referencesC. Liu, J. Lin, H. Cao, Y. Zhang, and Z. Sun, “Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries in view of lithium recovery: A critical review,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 228, no. 1, pp. 801–813, 2019.spa
dc.relation.referencesI. Herranz-Lahuerta, S. Gassó-Domingo, and B. Amante-García, “Análisis del ciclo de vida del proceso de reciclado de una batería de ion-litio en el sector de la automoción,” Escola Técnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Camins (UPC), 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesF. Habashi, Principles of extractive metallurgy, 2 ED., vol. 3. JOHN WILEY & SONS , LTD, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. J. Olson, J. A. Brierley, and C. L. Brierley, “Bioleaching review part B: Progress in bioleaching: Applications of microbial processes by the minerals industries,” Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 249–257, 2003.spa
dc.relation.referencesV. K. Nguyen and J. U. Lee, “A comparison of microbial leaching and chemical leaching of arsenic and heavy metals from mine tailings,” Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 91–99, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. Uryga, Z. Sadowski, and A. Grotowski, “Bioleaching of cobalt from mineral products,” Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., vol. 38, pp. 291–299, 2004.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Ordoñez, E. J. Gago, and A. Girard, “Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 60, pp. 195–205, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. G. Khachatourians, Encyclopedia of Microbiology. 2019.spa
dc.relation.referencesK. G. Mishra, P. Singh, and D. M. Muir, “Electrowinning of cobalt from sulphate solutions contaminated with organic impurities,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 65, no. 2–3, pp. 97–102, 2002.spa
dc.relation.references“cobalt | Definition & Facts | Britannica.” [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/cobalt-chemical-element. [Accessed: 09-Mar-2020].spa
dc.relation.referencesD. G. Barceloux and D. Barceloux, “Cobalt,” Clin. Toxicol., vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 201–216, 1999.spa
dc.relation.referencesR. Lauwerys and D. Lison, “Health risks associated with cobalt exposure - an overview,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 150, no. 1–3, pp. 1–6, 1994.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. O. Simonsen, H. Harbak, and P. Bennekou, “Cobalt metabolism and toxicology-A brief update,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 432, pp. 210–215, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesBritish Geological Survey, “Cobalt,” Miner. UK, no. August, p. 18, 2009.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Viera, C. Pogliani, and E. Donati, “Recovery Of Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt And Other Metals By Bioleaching,” in Microbial Processing of Metal Sulfides, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007, pp. 103–119.spa
dc.relation.references“Cobalt Futures Historical Prices - Investing.com.” [Online]. Available: https://www.investing.com/commodities/cobalt-historical-data. [Accessed: 09-Mar-2020].spa
dc.relation.referencesS. Wang, “Cobalt - Its recovery, recycling, and application,” Jom, vol. 58, no. 10, pp. 47–50, 2006.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Pérez-Arantegui et al., “Characterization of cobalt pigments found in traditional Valencian ceramics by means of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,” Talanta, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 1271–1280, 2008.spa
dc.relation.referencesT. P. J. Crompton, Battery Reference Book, Third. 2000.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. Linden and T. B. Reddy, Handbook of batteries. 2002.spa
dc.relation.referencesC. Daniel and J. O. Besenhard, Eds., Handbook of Battery Materials. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011.spa
dc.relation.referencesP. Díaz-Baizán, “Supercondensadores híbridos asimétricos con especies redox inorganicas,” Universidad de Oviedo, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. Chagnes and B. Pospiech, “A brief review on hydrometallurgical technologies for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 88, no. 7, pp. 1191–1199, 2013.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. M. Wang, C. C. Zhang, and F. S. Zhang, “An environmental benign process for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries by mechanochemical approach,” Waste Manag., vol. 51, pp. 239–244, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesS. Saeki, J. Lee, Q. Zhang, and F. Saito, “Co-grinding LiCoO2 with PVC and water leaching of metal chlorides formed in ground product,” Int. J. Miner. Process., vol. 74, no. SUPPL., pp. 373–378, 2004.spa
dc.relation.referencesX. Zheng et al., “Spent lithium-ion battery recycling – Reductive ammonia leaching of metals from cathode scrap by sodium sulphite,” Waste Manag., vol. 60, pp. 680–688, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesS. P. Barik, G. Prabaharan, and B. Kumar, “An innovative approach to recover the metal values from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Waste Manag., vol. 51, pp. 222–226, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Li et al., “Succinic acid-based leaching system: A sustainable process for recovery of valuable metals from spent Li-ion batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 282, pp. 544–551, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesX. Zeng, J. Li, and B. Shen, “Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 295, pp. 112–118, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesP. Meshram, B. D. Pandey, and T. R. Mankhand, “Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching,” Chem. Eng. J., vol. 281, pp. 418–427, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Jouli??, R. Laucournet, and E. Billy, “Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 247, pp. 551–555, 2014.spa
dc.relation.referencesE. Gratz, Q. Sa, D. Apelian, and Y. Wang, “A closed loop process for recycling spent lithium ion batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 262, pp. 255–262, 2014.spa
dc.relation.referencesS. G. Zhu, W. Z. He, G. M. Li, X. Zhou, X. J. Zhang, and J. W. Huang, “Recovery of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion batteries by combination method of acid leaching and chemical precipitation,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed., vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 2274–2281, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Sun and K. Qiu, “Organic oxalate as leachant and precipitant for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Waste Manag., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1575–1582, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Wang, M. Chen, H. Chen, T. Luo, and Z. Xu, “Leaching Study of Spent Li-ion Batteries,” Procedia Environ. Sci., vol. 16, pp. 443–450, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Li et al., “Ascorbic-acid-assisted recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent Li-ion batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 218, pp. 21–27, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesR. Golmohammadzadeh, F. Rashchi, and E. Vahidi, “Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids: Process optimization and kinetic aspects,” Waste Manag., vol. 64, pp. 244–254, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Li, J. Ge, F. Wu, R. Chen, S. Chen, and B. Wu, “Recovery of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium ion batteries using organic citric acid as leachant,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 176, no. 1–3, pp. 288–293, 2010.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. Vieceli, C. A. Nogueira, C. Guimarães, M. F. C. Pereira, F. O. Durão, and F. Margarido, “Hydrometallurgical recycling of lithium-ion batteries by reductive leaching with sodium metabisulphite,” Waste Manag., vol. 2014, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. Pant and T. Dolker, “Green and facile method for the recovery of spent Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) based Lithium ion batteries,” Waste Manag., vol. 60, pp. 689–695, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesE. G. Pinna, M. C. Ruiz, M. W. Ojeda, and M. H. Rodriguez, “Cathodes of spent Li-ion batteries: Dissolution with phosphoric acid and recovery of lithium and cobalt from leach liquors,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 167, pp. 66–71, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. P. Nayaka, K. V. Pai, J. Manjanna, and S. J. Keny, “Use of mild organic acid reagents to recover the Co and Li from spent Li-ion batteries,” Waste Manag., vol. 51, pp. 234–238, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. P. Nayaka, K. V. Pai, G. Santhosh, and J. Manjanna, “Recovery of cobalt as cobalt oxalate from spent lithium ion batteries by using glycine as leaching agent,” J. Environ. Chem. Eng., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 2378–2383, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. P. Nayaka, K. V. Pai, G. Santhosh, and J. Manjanna, “Dissolution of cathode active material of spent Li-ion batteries using tartaric acid and ascorbic acid mixture to recover Co,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 161, pp. 54–57, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesZ. Takacova, T. Havlik, F. Kukurugya, and D. Orac, “Cobalt and lithium recovery from active mass of spent Li-ion batteries: Theoretical and experimental approach,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 163, pp. 9–17, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. An and P. Methods, Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. Zeng, X. Deng, S. Luo, X. Luo, and J. Zou, “A copper-catalyzed bioleaching process for enhancement of cobalt dissolution from spent lithium-ion batteries,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 199–200, pp. 164–169, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesR. Torkaman, M. Asadollahzadeh, M. Torab-Mostaedi, and M. Ghanadi Maragheh, “Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium ion batteries by using acidic and basic extractants in solvent extraction process,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 186, pp. 318–325, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. da S. Leite, P. L. G. Carvalho, L. R. de Lemos, A. B. Mageste, and G. D. Rodrigues, “Hydrometallurgical separation of copper and cobalt from lithium-ion batteries using aqueous two-phase systems,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 169, pp. 245–252, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesF. J. Albler, K. Bica, M. R. S. J. Foreman, S. Holgersson, and M. S. Tyumentsev, “A comparison of two methods of recovering cobalt from a deep eutectic solvent: Implications for battery recycling,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 167, pp. 806–814, 2018.spa
dc.relation.referencesC. Y. Cheng, K. R. Barnard, W. Zhang, Z. Zhu, and Y. Pranolo, “Recovery of nickel, cobalt, copper and zinc in sulphate and chloride solutions using synergistic solvent extraction,” Chinese J. Chem. Eng., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 237–248, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesP. Ashtari and P. Pourghahramani, “Hydrometallurgical recycling of cobalt from zinc plants residue,” J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesF. Pagnanelli, E. Moscardini, P. Altimari, T. Abo Atia, and L. Toro, “Cobalt products from real waste fractions of end of life lithium ion batteries,” Waste Manag., vol. 51, pp. 214–221, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesF. J. Alguacil, I. Garcia-Diaz, F. Lopez, and A. M. Sastre, “Cobalt(II) membrane-extraction by DP-8R/Exxsol D100 using pseudo-emulsion based hollow fiber strip dispersion (PEHFSD) processing,” Sep. Purif. Technol., vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 467–472, 2011.spa
dc.relation.referencesB. Krause and R. F. Sandenbergh, “Optimization of cobalt removal from an aqueous sulfate zinc leach solution for zinc electrowinning,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 155, pp. 132–140, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesB. S. Boyanov, V. V. Konareva, and N. K. Kolev, “Purification of zinc sulfate solutions from cobalt and nickel through activated cementation,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 73, no. 1–2, pp. 163–168, Apr. 2004.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Li, Z. Wang, and R. G. Reddy, “Cobalt electrodeposition using urea and choline chloride,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 123, pp. 325–331, 2014.spa
dc.relation.referencesZ. W. Zhao, Z. P. Guo, and H. K. Liu, “Non-aqueous synthesis of crystalline Co3O4 powders using alcohol and cobalt chloride as a versatile reaction system for controllable morphology,” J. Power Sources, vol. 147, no. 1–2, pp. 264–268, 2005.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. Kwade and J. Diekmann, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018.spa
dc.relation.referencesT. Elwert et al., “Current developments and challenges in the recycling of key components of (Hybrid) electric vehicles,” Recycling, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25–60, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Gaines, A. Burnham, L. Gaines, and A. Burnham, Paper No . 11-3891 Life-Cycle Analysis for Lithium-Ion Battery Production and Recycling By,” 90th Annu. Meet. Transp. Res. Board, no. 11, 2011.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. J. Lain, “Recycling of lithium ion cells and batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 97–98, no. June 2000, pp. 736–738, Jul. 2001.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. J. Lain, “CA2313173A1 Recycling of galvanic cells,” WO 99/34473, 1998.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. P. Sánchez, “Análisis composicional y determinación de las etapas de conminución para un proceso de recuperación de cobalto a partir de baterías recicladas de Ion-Litio provenientes de celulares.,” p. 93401, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Orden, “Lineamientos Técnicos para el Manejo de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial República de Colombia,” 2010.spa
dc.relation.references“Constitución Política de Colombia,” 1991.spa
dc.relation.references“Leyes desde 1992 - Vigencia expresa y control de constitucionalidad [LEY_0253_1996],” 1992. [Online]. Available: http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0253_1996.html. [Accessed: 26-Apr-2020].spa
dc.relation.references“Ley 430 de 1998,” 16-Jan-1998. [Online]. Available: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/normativa/leyes/1998/ley_0430_1998.pdf. [Accessed: 26-Apr-2020].spa
dc.relation.references“Ley 1252 de 2008 Nivel Nacional,” 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=33965. [Accessed: 26-Apr-2020].spa
dc.relation.references“DECRETO 4741 DE 2005,” 2005.spa
dc.relation.references“Resolución 1362 de 2007 Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial,” 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=26053. [Accessed: 26-Apr-2020].spa
dc.relation.referencesLey 1672 de 2013. 2013.spa
dc.relation.references“Resolución 1297 de 2010,” 18-Jul-2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/images/AsuntosambientalesySectorialyUrbana/pdf/Programa_posconsumo_existente/resolucion_1297_de_2010_pilas.pdf. [Accessed: 26-Apr-2020].spa
dc.relation.referencesN. Knudsen; J.L. Fricke;, “Battery Technology Handbook. Second Edition. Chapter 19. The Disposal of Portable Batteries.” 2003.spa
dc.relation.references“Lithium-based Batteries Information – Battery University.” [Online]. Available: https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/lithium_based_batteries. [Accessed: 09-Mar-2020].spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Chen, X. Tang, Y. Zhang, L. Li, Z. Zeng, and Y. Zhang, “Process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 108, no. 1–2, pp. 80–86, 2011.spa
dc.relation.referencesB. Isidor, “Types of Lithium-ion Batteries – Battery University,” Cadex Electronics Inc., 2017. [Online]. Available: https://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion. [Accessed: 11-Feb-2020].spa
dc.relation.referencesY. Shao-Horn, L. Croguennec, C. Delmas, E. C. Nelson, and M. A. O’Keefe, “Atomic resolution of lithium ions in LiCoO2,” Nat. Mater., vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 464–467, 2003.spa
dc.relation.referencesO. Jankovský, J. Kovařík, J. Leitner, K. Růžička, and D. Sedmidubský, “Thermodynamic properties of stoichiometric lithium cobaltite LiCoO2,” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 634, pp. 26–30, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. M. Thackeray, P. J. Johnson, L. A. de Picciotto, P. G. Bruce, and J. B. Goodenough, “Electrochemical extraction of lithium from LiMn2O4,” Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 19, pp. 179–187, 1984.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. M. Thackeray et al., “Structural Fatigue in Spinel Electrodes in High Voltage (4 V) Li/LixMn2O4 Cells,” Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–9, 1998.spa
dc.relation.referencesX. L. Wang et al., “Visualizing the chemistry and structure dynamics in lithium-ion batteries by in-situ neutron diffraction,” Sci. Rep., vol. 2, pp. 1–7, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesH. Sun and K. Zhao, “Electronic Structure and Comparative Properties of LiNixMnyCozO2 Cathode Materials,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 121, no. 11, pp. 6002–6010, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Kim, K. Y. Park, I. Park, J. K. Yoo, J. Hong, and K. Kang, “Thermal stability of Fe-Mn binary olivine cathodes for Li rechargeable batteries,” J. Mater. Chem., vol. 22, no. 24, pp. 11964–11970, 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Wang and X. Sun, “Olivine LiFePO4: The remaining challenges for future energy storage,” Energy Environ. Sci., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1110–1138, 2015.spa
dc.relation.referencesB. Wu, Y. Ren, and N. Li, “LiFePO4 Cathode Material,” in Electric Vehicles The Benefits and Barriers, September,., vol. 18, no. 5, D. S. Soylu, Ed. Shanghai, China: InTech, 2011, pp. 199–216.spa
dc.relation.referencesChristian Julien, “Wie finde ich die richtige Weiterbildung? Qualitätskriterien, Tipps und Adressen,” Inorganics, vol. 2, pp. 132–154, 2014.spa
dc.relation.referencesC. S. Yudha, S. U. Muzayanha, H. Widiyandari, F. Iskandar, W. Sutopo, and A. Purwanto, “Synthesis of LiNi0.85Co0.14Al0.01O2 Cathode Material and its Performance in an NCA Graphite Full-Battery,” Energies, vol. 12, p. 1886, 2019.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Zhang, J. Fu, and C. Zhang, “Mechanical composite of Lini0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2/carbon nanotubes with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries,” Nanoscale Res. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 1–7, 2017.spa
dc.relation.referencesY. Makimura et al., “Factors affecting cycling life of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 for lithium-ion batteries,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 4, no. 21, pp. 8350–8358, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. V. Tarakina et al., “Defect crystal structure of new TiO(OH) 2 hydroxide and related lithium salt Li 2 TiO 3,” Dalt. Trans., vol. 39, no. 35, pp. 8168–8176, 2010.spa
dc.relation.referencesT. Zhang, Y. He, F. Wang, L. Ge, X. Zhu, and H. Li, “Chemical and process mineralogical characterizations of spent lithium-ion batteries: An approach by multi-analytical techniques,” Waste Manag., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1051–1058, 2014.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. P. Sánchez-echeverri, J. F. Betancur-pulgarín, and L. M. Ocampo-carmona, “Conminución y análisis granulométrico para un proceso de recuperación de cobalto a partir de baterías de teléfonos móviles,” Gestión y Ambient., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 240–251, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. Quintero-Almanza et al., “Recovery of cobalt from spent lithium-ion mobile phone batteries using liquid–liquid extraction,” Batteries, vol. 5, no. 2, 2019.spa
dc.relation.referencesUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona, “ICPs | Servei d’Anàlisi Química,” 2016. [Online]. Available: http://sct.uab.cat/saq/es/content/icps. [Accessed: 17-Feb-2020].spa
dc.relation.references“ESPECTROSCOPÍA DE EMISIÓN POR PLASMA DE ACOPLAMIENTO INDUCTIVO. Servicios Técnicos de Investigación.” [Online]. Available: https://sstti.ua.es/es/instrumentacion-cientifica/unidad-de-analisis/espectroscopia-de-emision-por-plasma-de-acoplamiento-inductivo.html. [Accessed: 23-Apr-2020].spa
dc.relation.references“Unidad de Difracción de Rx.” [Online]. Available: http://www.scai.uma.es/areas/aqcm/drx/drx.html. [Accessed: 11-Feb-2020].spa
dc.relation.references“NMC Powder Cathode for Batteries (LiNiMnCoO2) | Targray.” [Online]. Available: https://www.targray.com/li-ion-battery/cathode-materials/nmc. [Accessed: 17-Feb-2020].spa
dc.relation.references“NMC Linimncoo2 Powder For Lithium Battery - Company Activity - News - Xiamen TOB New Energy Technology Co.,Ltd.” [Online]. Available: https://www.amoytob.com/news/nmc-linimncoo2-powder-for-lithium-battery-19422077.html. [Accessed: 17-Feb-2020].spa
dc.relation.referencesS. Chakrabarti, “Biomining a promising ecofriendly technology,” Int. J. Recent Sci. Res., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 24034–24038, 2018, doi: 10.24327/IJRSR.spa
dc.relation.referencesB. Xin et al., “Bioleaching mechanism of Co and Li from spent lithium-ion battery by the mixed culture of acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing and iron-oxidizing bacteria,” Bioresour. Technol., vol. 100, no. 24, pp. 6163–6169, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.086.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Xu, H. R. Thomas, R. W. Francis, K. R. Lum, J. Wang, and B. Liang, “A review of processes and technologies for the recycling of lithium-ion secondary batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 512–527, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2007.11.074.spa
dc.relation.referencesS. Ilyas and J. Lee, “Biometallurgical Recovery of Metals from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: a Review,” ChemBioEng Rev., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 148–169, 2014, doi: 10.1002/cben.201400001.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. Zeng, S. Luo, X. Deng, L. Li, and C. Au, “Influence of silver ions on bioleaching of cobalt from spent lithium batteries,” Miner. Eng., vol. 49, pp. 40–44, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.04.021.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. Zeng, X. Deng, S. Luo, X. Luo, and J. Zou, “A copper-catalyzed bioleaching process for enhancement of cobalt dissolution from spent lithium-ion batteries,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 199–200, pp. 164–169, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.063.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Hartono, M. A. Astrayudha, H. T. B. M. Petrus, W. Budhijanto, and H. Sulistyo, “Lithium recovery of spent lithium-ion battery using bioleaching from local sources microorganism,” Rasayan J. Chem., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 897–903, 2017, doi: 10.7324/RJC.2017.1031767.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Ordoñez, E. J. Gago, and A. Girard, “Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 60, pp. 195–205, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.363.spa
dc.relation.referencesJ. Acevedo, F., Gentina, “Fundamentos y Perspectivas de las Tecnologías Biomineras,” Arch. Ing. Bioquímica, pp. 3–24, 2005, [Online]. Available: www.euv.cl.spa
dc.relation.referencesC. Erüst, A. Akcil, C. S. Gahan, A. Tuncuk, and H. Deveci, “Biohydrometallurgy of secondary metal resources: A potential alternative approach for metal recovery,” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., vol. 88, no. 12, pp. 2115–2132, 2013, doi: 10.1002/jctb.4164.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. Bahaloo-Horeh and S. M. Mousavi, “Enhanced recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries through optimization of organic acids produced by Aspergillus niger,” Waste Manag., vol. 60, pp. 666–679, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.034.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. B. Horeh, S. M. Mousavi, and S. A. Shojaosadati, “Bioleaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion mobile phone batteries using Aspergillus Niger,” J. Power Sources, vol. 320, pp. 257–266, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.104.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Li, G. sheng Zeng, S. lian Luo, X. rong Deng, and Q. ji Xie, “Influences of solution pH and redox potential on the bioleaching of LiCoO2 from spent lithium-ion batteries,” J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 187–192, 2013, doi: 10.1007/s13765-013-3016-x.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. Heydarian, S. M. Mousavi, F. Vakilchap, and M. Baniasadi, “Application of a mixed culture of adapted acidophilic bacteria in two-step bioleaching of spent lithium-ion laptop batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 378, no. September 2017, pp. 19–30, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.12.009.spa
dc.relation.referencesR. T. Espejo and P. Romero, “Growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans on Elemental Sulfur,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 53, no. 8, pp. 1907–1912, 1987, doi: 10.1128/aem.53.8.1907-1912.1987.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. Pradhan, D.-J. Kim, J.-G. Ahn, K.-H. Park, and S.-W. Lee, “Waste Recycling Through Biological Route,” J. Korean Inst. Resour. Recycl., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 3–15, 2008, [Online]. Available: http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200821036730723.page.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. Mishra, D. J. Kim, D. E. Ralph, J. G. Ahn, and Y. H. Rhee, “Bioleaching of metals from spent lithium ion secondary batteries using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,” Waste Manag., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 333–338, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.010.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. E. Rawlings, H. Tributsch, and G. S. Hansford, “Reasons why ’Leptospirillum’-like species rather than Thiobacillus ferrooxidans are the dominant iron-oxidizing bacteria in many commercial processes for the biooxidation of pyrite and related ores,” Microbiology, vol. 145, no. 1, pp. 5–13, 1999, doi: 10.1099/13500872-145-1-5.spa
dc.relation.referencesY. Xin, X. Guo, S. Chen, J. Wang, F. Wu, and B. Xin, “Bioleaching of valuable metals Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent electric vehicle Li-ion batteries for the purpose of recovery,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 116, pp. 249–258, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.001.spa
dc.relation.referencesL. Huang, R. Guo, L. Jiang, X. Quan, Y. Sun, and G. Chen, “Synergetic interactions improve cobalt leaching from lithium cobalt oxide in microbial fuel cells,” Bioresour. Technol. J., vol. 128, pp. 539–546, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.011.spa
dc.relation.referencesT. Huang, L. Liu, and S. Zhang, “Recovery of cobalt, lithium, and manganese from the cathode active materials of spent lithium-ion batteries in a bio-electro-hydrometallurgical process,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 188, no. February, pp. 101–111, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.06.011.spa
dc.relation.references“ATCC Bacterial Products.” https://www.atcc.org/en/Products/Cells_and_Microorganisms/Bacteria.aspx (accessed Apr. 24, 2020).spa
dc.relation.references“German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH: Culture Technology.” https://www.dsmz.de/collection/catalogue/microorganisms/culture-technology (accessed Apr. 24, 2020).spa
dc.relation.referencesM. P. Silverman and D. G. Lundgren, “Studies on the chemoautotrophic iron bacterium Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans. I. An improved medium and a harvesting procedure for securing high cell yields.,” J. Bacteriol., vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 642–647, 1959, [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC290434/pdf/jbacter00502-0140.pdf.spa
dc.relation.referencesO. H. Tuovinen and D. P. Kelly, “Studies on the growth ofThiobacillus ferrooxidans,” Arch. Microbiol., vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 165–180, 1974, doi: 10.1007/bf02451758.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Echeverry, “Tratamiento de minerales de fósforo a partir de ácido biogénico producido por A. thiooxidans,” Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, 2018.spa
dc.relation.referencesP. G. Duarte Briceño, “Evaluación de diferentes medios de cultivo en un proceso de biodesulfurización de carbón mediado por bacterias acidófilas,” Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, 2015.spa
dc.relation.references“HQ40D Multimedidor digital de dos canales | Hach España - Aspectos Generales | Hach.” https://es.hach.com/hq40d-multimedidor-digital-de-dos-canales/product?id=26096933367# (accessed Apr. 25, 2020).spa
dc.relation.references“Electrodo de pH Intellical PHC301 para laboratorio, multiuso, rellenable, cable de 1 metro | Hach España - Aspectos Generales | Hach.” https://es.hach.com/electrodo-de-ph-intellical-phc301-para-laboratorio-multiuso-rellenable-cable-de-1-metro/product?id=24930083856&callback=qs (accessed Apr. 25, 2020).spa
dc.relation.references“Electrodo de ORP/RedOx Intellical MTC301 para laboratorio, multiuso, rellenable, cable de 1 metro | Hach España - Aspectos Generales | Hach.” https://es.hach.com/electrodo-de-orp-redox-intellical-mtc301-para-laboratorio-multiuso-rellenable-cable-de-1-metro/product?id=25116715766&callback=qs (accessed Apr. 25, 2020).spa
dc.relation.references“CX31 | Olympus Life Science.” https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/es/microscopes/upright/cx31/ (accessed Apr. 25, 2020).spa
dc.relation.referencesBoeco Germany, “Boeco blood counting chambers.”.spa
dc.relation.referencesBRAND, “Cámaras de recuento. Laboratorio clínico,” pp. 253–256, 2018, [Online]. Available: www.brand.de.spa
dc.relation.references“ASTM D516 - 16 Standard Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water.” https://www.astm.org/Standards/D516.htm (accessed Mar. 04, 2020).spa
dc.relation.referencesR. S. Young and A. J. Hall, “Colorimetric Determination of Cobalt with Ammonium Thiocyanate,” Ind. Eng. Chem. - Anal. Ed., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 264–266, 1946, doi: 10.1021/i560152a014.spa
dc.relation.referencesE. Vargas, Á. H. Álvarez, and C. Cervantes, “Sistemas bacterianos de expulsion de metales toxicos,” Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol., vol. 40, no. 1–2, pp. 53–71, 1998, Accessed: Feb. 26, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://books.google.com.co/books?id=mjaaAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.spa
dc.relation.referencesO. H. Tuovinen, S. I. Niemelä, and H. G. Gyllenberg, “Tolerance of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans to some metals,” Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 489–496, 1971, doi: 10.1007/BF02218519.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Boon, H. J. Brasser, G. S. Hansford, and J. J. Heijnen, “Comparison of the oxidation kinetics of different pyrites in the presence of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans or Leptospirillum ferrooxidans,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 57–72, 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0304-386X(99)00037-7.spa
dc.relation.referencesT. Fenchel, G. M. King, and T. H. Blackburn, Bacterial Metabolism. 2012.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. W. Blowes, C. J. Ptacek, J. L. Jambor, and C. G. Weisener, “The Geochemistry of Acid Mine Drainage,” in Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 9–9, 2003, pp. 149–204.spa
dc.relation.referencesR. Wang et al., “Sulfur oxidation in the acidophilic autotrophic Acidithiobacillus spp.,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 10, no. JAN, pp. 1–20, 2019, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03290.spa
dc.relation.referencesS. M. Calle Castañeda, “Evaluación de la acidulación de roca fosfórica empleando la bacteria acidófila Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans,” Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín, 2016.spa
dc.relation.referencesN. Pradhan, P. Singh, B. C. Tripathy, and S. C. Das, “Electrowinning of cobalt from acidic sulphate solutions-effect of chloride ion,” Miner. Eng., vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 775–783, 2001, doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(01)00072-3.spa
dc.relation.referencesI. G. Sharma, P. Alex, A. C. Bidaye, and A. K. Suri, “Electrowinning of cobalt from sulphate solutions,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 80, no. 1–2, pp. 132–138, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.08.003.spa
dc.relation.referencesP. Patnaik, S. K. Padhy, B. C. Tripathy, I. N. Bhattacharya, and R. K. Paramguru, “Electrodeposition of cobalt from aqueous sulphate solutions in the presence of tetra ethyl ammonium bromide,” Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 2047–2053, 2015, doi: 10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63814-6.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. Li, Z. Wang, and R. G. Reddy, “Cobalt electrodeposition using urea and choline chloride,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 123, pp. 325–331, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.052.spa
dc.relation.referencesD. A. Bertuol, F. D. R. Amado, H. Veit, J. Z. Ferreira, and A. M. Bernardes, “Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from Spent NiMH Batteries by Electrowinning,” Chem. Eng. Technol., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 2084–2092, 2012, doi: 10.1002/ceat.201200283.spa
dc.relation.referencesG. Prabaharan and B. M. Trivedi, “Effect of sulfurdioxide on cobalt electrowinning,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 127–128, pp. 39–42, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2012.06.016.spa
dc.relation.referencesM. B. J. G. Freitas, V. G. Celante, and M. K. Pietre, “Electrochemical recovery of cobalt and copper from spent Li-ion batteries as multilayer deposits,” J. Power Sources, vol. 195, no. 10, pp. 3309–3315, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.11.131.spa
dc.relation.referencesB. Panda, S. C. Das, and R. K. Panda, “Effect of added cobalt ion on electro-deposition of copper from sulfate bath using graphite and Pb-Sb anodes,” Hydrometallurgy, vol. 95, no. 1–2, pp. 87–91, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.04.018.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. E. Elsherief, “Effects of cobalt, temperature and certain impurities upon cobalt electrowinning from sulfate solutions,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 43–49, 2003, doi: 10.1023/A:1022938824111.spa
dc.relation.referencesA. S. Pilla, M. M. E. Duarte, and C. E. Mayer, “Some aspects of removal of copper and cobalt from mixed ion dilute solutions,” J. Appl. Electrochem., vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 831–838, 2000, doi: 10.1023/A:1003910830855.spa
dc.relation.references“Model 1550, Switching DC Bench Power Supply with USB Charger Output 1-36V, 0-3A - B&K Precision.” https://www.bkprecision.com/products/power-supplies/1550-switching-dc-bench-power-supply-with-usb-charger-output-1-36v-0-3a.html (accessed Apr. 25, 2020).spa
dc.relation.referencesFactSage, “F*A*C*T - EpH-Web.” http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/ephweb.php (accessed Aug. 25, 2020).spa
dc.relation.referencesC. L. Mantell, Ingeniería electro-química, En español. Barcelona: Editorial Reverté S.A., 1980.spa
dc.rightsDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.spaAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::622 - Minería y operaciones relacionadasspa
dc.subject.proposalbaterías ion-litiospa
dc.subject.proposallithium-ion batterieseng
dc.subject.proposalcobaltospa
dc.subject.proposalcobalteng
dc.subject.proposalácido biogénicospa
dc.subject.proposalbiogenic acideng
dc.subject.proposalbiolixiviaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalbioleachingeng
dc.subject.proposalelectroobtenciónspa
dc.subject.proposalelectrowinningeng
dc.subject.proposalAcidithiobacillus thiooxidanseng
dc.subject.proposalAcidithiobacillus thiooxidansspa
dc.subject.proposalcathodic materialeng
dc.subject.proposalmaterial catódicospa
dc.titleRecuperación de cobalto a partir del reciclaje de baterías ion-litio mediante el uso de biolixiviación y electroobtenciónspa
dc.title.alternativeCobalt recovery from lithium-ion battery recycling using bioleaching and electrowinningspa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

Archivos

Bloque original

Mostrando 1 - 1 de 1
Cargando...
Miniatura
Nombre:
1128442337.2020.pdf
Tamaño:
6.56 MB
Formato:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Descripción:
Tesis de Maestría en Ingeniería - Materiales y Procesos