Modelo digital VMD de un sistema multirrotor con enfoque de control distribuido

dc.contributor.advisorPrieto Ortiz, Flavio Augusto
dc.contributor.authorCasallas Moreno , Edwin Alexander
dc.contributor.cvlacCasallas Moreno, Edwin Alexander [0000048289]
dc.contributor.googlescholarCasallas Moreno, Edwin Alexander [piX-DGcAAAAJ&hl]
dc.contributor.orcidCasallas Moreno, Edwin Alexander [0000000231776448]
dc.date.accessioned2026-04-10T18:13:50Z
dc.date.available2026-04-10T18:13:50Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionilustraciones a color, diagramas, fotografíasspa
dc.description.abstractCon el propósito de desarrollar un modelo digital VMD de un sistema multirrotor con enfoque de control distribuido, se requiere integrar arquitecturas híbridas para que un UAV (Vehículo Aéreo No Tripulado) pueda ser desplegado para implementado de forma confiable en entornos confinados, por lo que, es necesario integrar algoritmos deliberativos <<planificación a largo plazo>> y reactivos <<respuesta rápida a cambios en el entorno>> como lo es ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF) SLAM3 (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) ORB- SLAM3 <<es principalmente una arquitectura reactiva, pero incorpora elementos deliberativos en su diseño, el cual es un sistema de SLAM de código abierto y alto rendimiento diseñado para construir mapas de entornos desconocidos mientras estima la posición precisa de un UAV en tiempo real (Campos et al., 2021), la cual la convierte en una de la dependencias utilizadas en robótica, visión por computadora y aplicaciones autónomas (Kala, 2024a). Esta integración es clave para optimizar la toma de decisiones en la navegación basada en trayectorias. Es así, que, para orientar los esfuerzos en la proyección de los requerimientos de diseño de UAV totalmente autónomos, se propone utilizar la Odometría Visual (VO) como punto de partida para corregir errores en la estimación de la posición como solución para percepción saber dónde se está con respecto al entorno (Kala, 2024a). Resultando crucial para los UAV navegar en espacios donde los sistemas de posicionamiento, como el GPS, suelen ser imprecisos. Lo anterior tiene como finalidad reducir la carga operativa del piloto a distancia. Para lo anterior, se plantea el diseño axiomático de control y navegación de un sistema multirrotor, lo que permitirá un primer acercamiento a la evolución de los UAV actuales hacia Aeronaves Avanzadas (AA). La principal tarea de una AA consiste en actuar de manera no supervisada, es decir, sin interacción humana, esto plantea directamente la cuestión de cómo equiparlos con capacidades de navegación autónomas (Grzonka et al., 2012). Por otra parte, las aplicaciones de las AA no solo se enfocan en navegar en un entorno aleatorio, sino que también en tareas como exploración y vigilancia (González-Sieira et al., 2020). Partiendo de simular el uso potencial aplicado de un sistema multirrotor como primer paso de un sistema de navegación autónomo, capaz de detectar y comprender el entorno circundante de forma proactiva (Wang et al., 2020). Por tal motivo, la aeronave debe recibir información detallada del ambiente utilizando sensores de cámaras de alta resolución que permita identificar una gran cantidad de objetivos de referencia, que se han utilizado ampliamente en AA para detectar la existencia y posición de obstáculos (Park & Cho, 2020). La AA debe ser capaz de comprender la información del sensor utilizado y actuar de manera oportuna. Por lo que, como resultado de Integración de Odometría Visual (VO) en navegación autónoma mediante simulaciones en entornos confinados (e.g., túneles, estructuras interiores), se demostró que la VO reduce los errores de estimación de posición en un 35-40% comparado con sistemas basados únicamente en GPS o IMU. Esto se logró mediante la correlación de características visuales (keypoints) detectadas por cámaras estereoscópicas, utilizando algoritmos como ORB-SLAM3 para corrección en tiempo real. En pruebas reales con un cuadricóptero, la fusión de VO con filtros de Kalman extendido (EKF) permitió mantener una precisión de ±0.36 m en trayectorias de 26 m, incluso en ausencia total de señal GPS. Además, que las correcciones de errores de SLAM Visual, mediante el módulo de ajuste en computadora local <<embebido>> logro corregir la deriva en el mapa generado por el SLAM, en reconstrucciones de entornos de 26 m². Esto permitió una navegación segura en espacios reducidos como entre árboles. Es así que, como solución para diseño axiomático de control distribuido, cada subsistema del UAV (motores, cámara, NUC, lidar y controladora) opera como un agente independiente que intercambia datos mediante ROS (Robot Operating System), garantizando tolerancia a fallos mediante la redundancia de sensores. Permitiendo que durante la validación mediante simulación en Rviz, se generaron escenarios con obstáculos, donde el UAV navegó de forma autónoma con un 100% de éxito en un 100% de las interacciones. Para luego ser probado en plataforma real <<UAV>> que lo compone principalmente de una controladora CUAV, Intel NUC y Intel real sense D435i, demostrando la capacidad para operar en modo totalmente autónomo durante en promedio de 2:02 minutos, ejecutando tareas de mapeo y evitación de obstáculos simultáneamente. Lo anterior, indica que la arquitectura híbrida propuesta supera las limitaciones de sistemas convencionales al combinar la robustez de la planificación deliberativa con la flexibilidad de los métodos reactivos. La integración de VO como núcleo de corrección posicional permite operar en entornos GPS-denegados con precisión en cm, mientras que el control distribuido asegura escalabilidad para aplicaciones futuras flotas de UAV. Es así que futuros trabajos se enfocarán en optimizar el consumo computacional mediante cuantización de modelos de deep learning y validación en escenarios. (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractWith the purpose of developing a digital VMD model of a multirotor system with a distributed control approach, it is necessary to integrate hybrid architectures so that a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) can be reliably deployed and implemented in confined environments. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate deliberative algorithms <<long-term planning>> and reactive algorithms <<rapid response to environmental changes>>, such as ORB (Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF) SLAM3 (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping). ORB-SLAM3 <<is mainly a reactive architecture, but incorporates deliberative elements in its design. It is a high-performance, open-source SLAM system designed to build maps of unknown environments while estimating the precise position of a UAV in real time (Campos et al., 2021), making it one of the dependencies used in robotics, computer vision, and autonomous applications (Kala, 2024a). This integration is key to optimizing decision-making in trajectory-based navigation. Thus, to guide efforts in the projection of design requirements for fully autonomous UAVs, it is proposed to use Visual Odometry (VO) as a starting point to correct errors in position estimation as a solution for perception—knowing where one is in relation to the environment (Kala, 2024a). This is crucial for UAVs to navigate in spaces where positioning systems such as GPS tend to be inaccurate. The above aims to reduce the operational burden on the remote pilot. For this purpose, the axiomatic design of control and navigation of a multirotor system is proposed, which will allow an initial approach to the evolution of current UAVs toward Advanced Aircraft (AA). The main task of an AA is to act unsupervised, i.e., without human interaction, which directly raises the question of how to equip them with autonomous navigation capabilities (Grzonka et al., 2012). On the other hand, the applications of AAs are not only focused on navigating in a random environment but also on tasks such as exploration and surveillance (González-Sieira et al., 2020). Starting with simulating the potential applied use of a multirotor system as the first step of an autonomous navigation system, capable of proactively detecting and understanding the surrounding environment (Wang et al., 2020). For this reason, the aircraft must receive detailed information from the environment using high-resolution camera sensors that allow identifying a large number of reference targets, which have been widely used in AA to detect the existence and position of obstacles (Park & Cho, 2020). The AA must be able to understand the information from the sensor used and act in a timely manner. Therefore, as a result of integrating Visual Odometry (VO) in autonomous navigation through simulations in confined environments (e.g., tunnels, interior structures), it was demonstrated that VO reduces position estimation errors by 35–40% compared to systems based solely on GPS or IMU. This was achieved through the correlation of visual features (keypoints) detected by stereoscopic cameras, using algorithms such as ORB-SLAM3 for real-time correction. In real-world tests with a quadcopter, the fusion of VO with extended Kalman filters (EKF) allowed maintaining an accuracy of ±0.36 m over 26 m trajectories, even in total absence of GPS signal. Furthermore, corrections of visual SLAM errors, through the embedded local computer adjustment module, managed to correct drift in the map generated by SLAM in reconstructions of environments of 26 m². This enabled safe navigation in tight spaces, such as between trees. Thus, as a solution for axiomatic distributed control design, each subsystem of the UAV (motors, camera, NUC, lidar, and flight controller) operates as an independent agent that exchanges data via ROS (Robot Operating System), ensuring fault tolerance through sensor redundancy. Allowing that during validation via simulation in Rviz, scenarios with obstacles were generated, where the UAV navigated autonomously with a 100% success rate in 100% of the interactions. It was then tested on a real platform <<UAV>>, mainly composed of a CUAV flight controller, Intel NUC, and Intel RealSense D435i, demonstrating the ability to operate in fully autonomous mode for an average of 2:02 minutes, executing mapping and obstacle avoidance tasks simultaneously. The above indicates that the proposed hybrid architecture overcomes the limitations of conventional systems by combining the robustness of deliberative planning with the flexibility of reactive methods. The integration of VO as the core of positional correction allows operation in GPS-denied environments with centimeter-level accuracy, while distributed control ensures scalability for future UAV fleet applications. Thus, future work will focus on optimizing computational consumption through deep learning model quantization and validation in scenarios.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestría
dc.description.degreenameMagister en Ingeniería Mecánica
dc.description.methodsMetodologia utilizada en la tesis es un modelo Axiomatico
dc.description.researchareaAutomatización, Control y Mecatrónica
dc.description.technicalinfoROS Gazebo ORB-SLAM3eng
dc.format.extent164 páginas
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89812
dc.language.isospa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ingeniería
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ingeniería - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Mecánica
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subject.ddc620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::623 - Ingeniería militar y náutica
dc.subject.ddc620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
dc.subject.lembAPRENDIZAJE AUTOMATICO (INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL)spa
dc.subject.lembMachine learningeng
dc.subject.lembINTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIALspa
dc.subject.lembArtificial intelligenceeng
dc.subject.lembAERONAVESspa
dc.subject.lembAir-shipseng
dc.subject.lembCONTROL DE VUELOspa
dc.subject.lembFlight controleng
dc.subject.lembAVIONES-SISTEMAS DE CONTROLspa
dc.subject.lembAirplanes-control systemseng
dc.subject.lembSISTEMAS DE GUIA (VUELO)spa
dc.subject.lembGuidance systems (flight)eng
dc.subject.proposalAutonomíaspa
dc.subject.proposalAeronave Avanzadaspa
dc.subject.proposalModelo Axiomáticospa
dc.subject.proposalNavegaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalUAVspa
dc.subject.proposalAutonomyeng
dc.subject.proposalAdvanced Aircrafteng
dc.subject.proposalAxiomatic Modeleng
dc.subject.proposalNavigationeng
dc.subject.proposalUAVeng
dc.titleModelo digital VMD de un sistema multirrotor con enfoque de control distribuidospa
dc.title.translatedVMD digital model of a multirotor system with a distributed control approacheng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantes
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadores
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestros
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

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1073150997.2025.pdf
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8.5 MB
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Tesis de Maestría en Ingeniería Mecánica