Mitigación de cadmio en suelos cacaoteros mediante bacterias ureolíticas

dc.contributor.advisorde Brito Brandão, Pedro Filipespa
dc.contributor.advisorCastillo Serna, Eliannaspa
dc.contributor.authorAdarme Duran, Carlos Albertospa
dc.contributor.researchgroupGrupo de Estudios para la Remediación y Mitigación de Impactos Negativos al Ambiente Germinaspa
dc.date.accessioned2025-05-27T18:58:32Z
dc.date.available2025-05-27T18:58:32Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionilustraciones, diagramas, fotografíasspa
dc.description.abstractLa presencia de metales tóxicos en suelos agrícolas es una problemática global, ya que pueden ser absorbidos por las plantas, y traslocados hacia sus partes comestibles, entrando en la cadena alimentaria. Particularmente, el Cd en los suelos cacaoteros es tomado por la planta de cacao y bioacumulado en los granos, los cuales son utilizados para la fabricación de alimentos. Por esta razón, se establecieron diversas regulaciones sobre el contenido máximo permitido del metal en productos derivados del cacao. Esto representa un problema para los cacaocultores en zonas afectadas por la presencia de Cd, como es el caso del Departamento de Santander – Colombia, y propició la búsqueda de estrategias para mitigar la disponibilidad de Cd en los suelos cacaoteros. El uso de bacterias ureolíticas capaces de inducir la precipitación de carbonatos, es una alternativa biotecnológica que ha sido empleada para la biorremediación de suelos contaminados con Cd. De esta forma, en esta investigación se evaluó el aprovechamiento de rizobacterias aisladas de fincas cacaoteras de Santander, que inducen la precipitación de carbonatos, como estrategia de mitigación de Cd en suelos cacaoteros. En la primera etapa de la investigación, se recolectaron suelos cacaoteros rizosféricos, no rizosféricos, y material vegetal de la planta de cacao. Se determinó la presencia de Cd y se realizó un estudio sobre la disponibilidad del metal en ambos tipos de suelos. Además, se determinó su correlación con el Cd presente en la planta. El contenido de Cd pseudo-total y disponible (Cd-DTPA) fue mayor en los suelos rizosféricos en comparación con los suelos no rizosféricos. Mediante estadística clásica y multivariada, se encontraron diferencias entre las asociaciones de Cd disponible con propiedades del suelo (pH, Cd pseudo-total, Ca, Mg, K, Na, carbono orgánico del suelo (SOC), P, Zn, actividad ureasa, acidez intercambiable y capacidad de intercambio catiónico), al comparar ambos tipos de suelos. El carbono orgánico del suelo y el Zn fueron impulsores importantes de Cd disponible en los suelos rizosféricos. En la segunda etapa, se realizó el aislamiento de 54 bacterias ureolíticas capaces de inducir la precipitación de carbonatos, a partir de suelos rizosféricos de cacao, y se evaluó su capacidad para precipitar el Cd en un medio de cultivo con una concentración de 60 mg L-1. Estas bacterias exhibieron actividades ureolíticas entre 0,31 y 1,01 µmol NH4+ mL-1 h-1 y porcentajes de remoción de Cd entre 4,4 % y 87,0 % en 48 h. Dentro de las 10 bacterias con mayor remoción de Cd (60,3 % – 87,0 %) se encontraron los géneros Serratia, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas, Comamonas, Bacillus y Citrobacter. El estudio del proceso de remoción de Cd en solución mostró que la bioadsorción contribuye de forma significativa durante los ensayos de bioprecipitación, por lo que es importante considerar este aspecto para evaluar el potencial de las bacterias. Considerando lo anterior, se seleccionó la cepa Bacillus sp. 85d para su aplicación en suelos cacaoteros. Finalmente, se evaluó la aplicación de la bacteria ureolítica Bacillus sp. 85d para la inmovilización de Cd en suelos cacaoteros a nivel laboratorio y de vivero. Para ambos experimentos, los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de la bacteria permitió la precipitación carbonatada de Cd intercambiable de los suelos cacaoteros en 5 días. Sin embargo, luego de 3 meses, el Cd en la fracción carbonatada disminuyó, lo cual fue atribuido a la reducción del pH. Además, no se observaron cambios significativos en la concentración de Cd en la planta de cacao para el experimento en vivero, luego del tratamiento con la bacteria. Este estudio demostró que el contenido de Cd en los suelos rizosféricos de la planta de cacao tiene una mayor correlación con el Cd en la planta, comparado con los suelos no rizosféricos, lo que aumenta el entendimiento de la dinámica de Cd en el sistema suelo-cacao. Además, se evidenció el potencial de las rizobacterias ureolíticas que inducen la precipitación de carbonatos para la mitigación de Cd disponible en los suelos cacaoteros. El tratamiento de suelos cacaoteros con Bacillus sp. 85d establece una línea base para entender la aplicabilidad de esta biotecnología. (Texto tomado de la fuente).spa
dc.description.abstractThe presence of toxic metals in agricultural soils is of global concern, since they can be absorbed by plants and translocated to their edible parts, entering the food chain. Particularly, Cd in cacao-growing soils is taken up by the cacao plant and bioaccumulated in the beans, which are used as ingredient in food products. For this reason, regulations have been established on the maximum permissible limit of the metal in cacao-derived products. This represents a problem for cacao farmers in areas affected by the presence of Cd, such as the Department of Santander – Colombia, and has led to the search for strategies to mitigate the availability of Cd in cacao-growing soils. Ureolytic bacteria that induce carbonate precipitation is a biotechnological alternative that has been used for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with Cd. Thus, in this research, the use of rhizobacteria that induce carbonate precipitation from cacao-growing soils in Santander was evaluated as a Cd mitigation strategy. In the first stage of the research, rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere cacao-growing soils and plant material from cacao were collected. Pseudo-total and available Cd were assessed in both soil types. In addition, the relationships between soil available Cd and plant Cd were determined. The pseudo-total and available Cd (Cd-DTPA) concentration was higher in rhizosphere soils compared to non-rhizosphere soils. Using classical and multivariate statistics, differences were found between the associations of available Cd with soil properties (pH, pseudo-total Cd, Ca, Mg, K, Na, soil organic carbon (SOC), P, Zn, urease activity, exchangeable acidity and cation exchange capacity), when comparing both soil types. Soil organic carbon and Zn were important drivers of available Cd in rhizosphere soils. In the second stage, 54 ureolytic bacteria that induce carbonate precipitation were isolated from cacao rhizosphere soils, and their capacity to precipitate Cd in a culture medium with a concentration of 60 mg L-1 was evaluated. These bacteria exhibited ureolytic activities between 0.31 and 1.01 µmol NH4+ mL-1 h-1 and Cd removal percentages between 4.4% and 87.0% in 48 h. Among the 10 bacteria with the highest Cd removal (60.3% – 87.0%) were found the genera Serratia, Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas, Comamonas, Bacillus and Citrobacter. The study of Cd removal process in solution showed that bioadsorption contributes significantly during bioprecipitation tests, so it is important to consider this aspect to evaluate the MICP potential of the bacteria. Considering the above, the strain Bacillus sp. 85d was selected for its application in cacao-growing soils. Finally, the application of the ureolytic bacteria Bacillus sp. 85d for Cd immobilization in cacao-growing soils at laboratory and nursery level was evaluated. For both experiments, the results showed that the application of the bacteria allowed the carbonated precipitation of the exchangeable Cd at 5 days. However, after 3 months, the Cd in the carbonated fraction decreased, which was attributed to the reduction in pH. In addition, after the treatment with Bacillus sp. 85d, no significant changes were observed in cacao Cd concentration in the nursery experiment. This study demonstrated that Cd content in cacao rhizosphere soils has a higher correlation with Cd in the plant, compared to non-rhizosphere soils, which increases the understanding of Cd dynamics in the soil-cacao system. Furthermore, the potential of ureolytic rhizobacteria that induce carbonate precipitation for the mitigation of available Cd in cacao-growing soils was demonstrated. The treatment of these soils with Bacillus sp. 85d establishes a baseline to understand the applicability of this biotechnology.eng
dc.description.degreelevelDoctoradospa
dc.description.degreenameDoctor en Biotecnologíaspa
dc.description.researchareaBiotecnología ambientalspa
dc.format.extentxxii, 191 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.cospa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/88189
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.departmentInstituto de Biotecnologíaspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Cienciasspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Doctorado en Biotecnologíaspa
dc.relation.indexedAgrosaviaspa
dc.relation.indexedAgrovocspa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.agrovocRizosferaspa
dc.subject.agrovocrhizosphereeng
dc.subject.agrovocCadmiospa
dc.subject.agrovoccadmiumeng
dc.subject.agrovocTheobroma cacaospa
dc.subject.agrovocTheobroma cacaoeng
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biología::572 - Bioquímicaspa
dc.subject.ddc630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::631 - Técnicas específicas, aparatos, equipos, materialesspa
dc.subject.ddc540 - Química y ciencias afines::543 - Química analíticaspa
dc.subject.proposalCadmiospa
dc.subject.proposalCacaospa
dc.subject.proposalSuelo rizosféricospa
dc.subject.proposalBacterias ureolíticasspa
dc.subject.proposalMICPspa
dc.subject.proposalCadmiumeng
dc.subject.proposalCacaoeng
dc.subject.proposalRhizosphere soileng
dc.subject.proposalUreolytic bacteriaeng
dc.subject.proposalMICPeng
dc.titleMitigación de cadmio en suelos cacaoteros mediante bacterias ureolíticasspa
dc.title.translatedCadmium mitigation in cacao-growing soils by ureolytic bacteriaeng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctoradospa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06spa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantesspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadoresspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestrosspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa
oaire.fundernameMinisterio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia (MinCiencias)spa
oaire.fundernameDirección de Investigación y Extensión sede Bogotá (DIEB), Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa

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