Inferencia genética de linajes y procedencia geográfica de individuos traficados de los géneros Cebus y Aotus y su integración a un protocolo de rehabilitación y liberación

dc.contributor.advisorVargas Ramírez, Mario Alfonso
dc.contributor.advisorSoto Calderón, Iván Darío
dc.contributor.authorJaramillo Castaño, María José
dc.contributor.orcidJaramillo Castaño, María José [0009000294423452]
dc.contributor.researchgroupBiodiversidad y Conservación Genética
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-20T12:08:34Z
dc.date.available2026-02-20T12:08:34Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionIlustraciones a color, diagramas, gráficos, mapasspa
dc.description.abstractLos monos cariblancos (Cebus spp.) y los monos nocturnos (Aotus spp.) se encuentran entre los primates más traficados y amenazados en Colombia. Su rehabilitación y posterior liberación se ven limitadas por la ausencia de caracteres fenotípicos diagnósticos para diferenciar las especies y por el desconocimiento de su procedencia geográfica original. En este contexto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un protocolo integral de rehabilitación y liberación para primates traficados de los géneros Cebus y Aotus, incorporando herramientas genéticas para la identificación de linajes y la inferencia del origen geográfico más probable. Para ello, se muestrearon 62 ejemplares de Cebus y 22 de Aotus alojados en diferentes centros de fauna del país. A partir de muestras de sangre se amplificaron los genes mitocondriales COX1 y Cytb en Cebus, y el gen COX1 en Aotus. Las secuencias obtenidas se analizaron mediante métodos filogenéticos de Máxima Verosimilitud e Inferencia Bayesiana, utilizando una base de referencia de individuos identificados a nivel de especie. La inferencia del origen geográfico se apoyó en redes de haplotipos TCS y en un análisis bayesiano de estructura poblacional (BAPS), complementados con estimaciones de diferenciación genética (AMOVA y Fst) entre los grupos delimitados. Los individuos traficados de Cebus se agruparon en clados correspondientes a C. leucocephalus (n = 13), C. cesarae (n = 27) y C. versicolor (n = 19), mientras que tres muestras se ubicaron en un clado no descrito del Bajo Cauca. Los subclústeres inferidos por RhierBAPS evidenciaron una estructuración asociada a regiones como el Caribe–cis-Magdalena, el Magdalena Medio, Andes nororientales y el Bagre Antioquia, lo que permitió asignar a los ejemplares traficados a linajes y unidades geográficas. En Aotus, los individuos se agruparon en tres clados principales: A. brumbacki (n = 2), A. lemurinus trans-Magdalena (oriente; n = 3) y un clado que reúne A. griseimembra/A. lemurinus cis-Magdalena (occidente; n = 17). Las secuencias sin localidad conocida pudieron asignarse al grupo de Magdalena-Caribe-Andes el flanco Caribe- occidental, el centro-sur andino y al grupo de la Orinoquía. Con base en estos hallazgos se formuló una guía operativa que integra la información genética al proceso de rehabilitación y liberación, proponiendo lineamientos para la conformación de grupos genéticamente y socialmente compatibles, la realización de evaluaciones comportamentales cuantificables y la selección de sitios de liberación acordes con la procedencia inferida. Asimismo, se plantean estrategias de monitoreo post-liberación orientadas a validar y retroalimentar los procesos de manejo. Este estudio demuestra que la genética de la conservación constituye una herramienta esencial para garantizar una rehabilitación informada, ética y sostenible, fortaleciendo las acciones de conservación de primates neotropicales víctimas del tráfico ilegal y contribuyendo a la consolidación de protocolos basados en evidencia científica en los CAV-R de Colombia. (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractWhite-faced capuchins (Cebus spp.) and owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) are among the most trafficked and threatened primates in Colombia. Their rehabilitation and subsequent release are limited by the absence of diagnostic phenotypic traits to differentiate species and by the lack of information about their original geographic provenance. In this context, the aim of the present study was to develop an integrative rehabilitation and release protocol for trafficked primates of the genera Cebus and Aotus, incorporating genetic tools for lineage identification and inference of the most probable geographic origin. A total of 62 Cebus and 22 Aotus individuals housed in different wildlife centers across the country were sampled. From blood samples, the mitochondrial genes COX1 and Cytb were amplified in Cebus, and the COX1 gene in Aotus. The obtained sequences were analyzed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods, employing a reference dataset of individuals identified to the species level. Geographic origin inference was supported by TCS haplotype networks and Bayesian population structure analysis (BAPS), complemented with estimates of genetic differentiation (AMOVA and Fst) among the delimited groups. Trafficked Cebus individuals clustered into clades corresponding to C. leucocephalus (n = 13), C. cesarae (n = 27), and C. versicolor (n = 19), while three samples were placed in an undescribed clade from the Bajo Cauca region. Subclusters inferred by RhierBAPS revealed structuring associated with regions such as the Caribbean–cis-Magdalena, Middle Magdalena, northeastern Andes, and El Bagre (Antioquia), enabling the assignment of trafficked individuals to specific lineages and geographic units. In Aotus, individuals grouped into three main clades: A. brumbacki (n = 2), A. lemurinus trans-Magdalena (eastern lineage; n = 3), and a clade comprising A. griseimembra / A. lemurinus cis-Magdalena (western lineage; n = 17). Sequences without known locality were assigned to the Magdalena–Caribbean–Andean group along the western Caribbean flank, the central-southern Andean region, and the Orinoquía group. Based on these findings, an operational guideline was developed to integrate genetic information into the rehabilitation and release process, proposing recommendations for the formation of genetically and socially compatible groups, the implementation of quantifiable behavioral assessments, and the selection of release sites consistent with the inferred provenance. Post-release monitoring strategies were also proposed to validate and refine management processes. This study demonstrates that conservation genetics is an essential tool for ensuring informed, ethical, and sustainable rehabilitation, strengthening conservation actions for Neotropical primates affected by illegal wildlife trafficking and contributing to the development of evidence-based protocols in Colombian wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centers.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestría
dc.description.degreenameMagister en Ciencias- Biología
dc.description.sponsorshipPrimate Society of Great Britain- PSGB. Captive-Care Grant
dc.format.extent146 páginas
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89608
dc.language.isospa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ciencias
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Biología
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subject.bneContrabando de especies protegidas
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biología::576 - Genética y evolución
dc.subject.lembADN mitocondrialspa
dc.subject.lembMitochondrial DNAeng
dc.subject.proposalGenética de la conservaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalAsignación geográficaspa
dc.subject.proposalADN mitocondrialspa
dc.subject.proposalTráfico ilegal de faunaspa
dc.subject.proposalMono Cariblancospa
dc.subject.proposalMono Nocturnospa
dc.subject.proposalRehabilitaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalConservation geneticseng
dc.subject.proposalGeographic origineng
dc.subject.proposalMitochondrial DNAeng
dc.subject.proposalWildlife traffickingeng
dc.subject.proposalRehabilitationeng
dc.subject.wikidataGenética de la conservaciónspa
dc.subject.wikidataConservation geneticseng
dc.titleInferencia genética de linajes y procedencia geográfica de individuos traficados de los géneros Cebus y Aotus y su integración a un protocolo de rehabilitación y liberaciónspa
dc.title.translatedGenetic inference of lineages and geographic origin of trafficked individuals of the genera Cebus and Aotus and their integration into a rehabilitation and release protocoleng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantes
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadores
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentPúblico general
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

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