Análisis de los microbiomas del suelo de un cultivo comercial de arroz en el departamento del Meta, bajo un esquema diferencial de fertilización biológica de nitrógeno

dc.contributor.advisorGarcía Romero, Ibonne Aydeespa
dc.contributor.advisorAristizábal Gutiérrez, Fabio Ancizarspa
dc.contributor.authorAlcántara Cortés, Johan Stevenspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupBioprocesos y Bioprospecciónspa
dc.coverage.countryColombiaspa
dc.coverage.regionMetaspa
dc.date.accessioned2025-04-01T13:34:37Z
dc.date.available2025-04-01T13:34:37Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.descriptionilustraciones, diagramas, tablasspa
dc.description.abstractEl arroz es el tercer cultivo más importante en Colombia y contribuye a mejorar la seguridad alimentaria. Sin embargo, existen desafíos como la disminución de rendimientos, la reducción de tierras, las enfermedades emergentes y la inflación de los insumos de producción, que han generado retos para mantener altos niveles de producción y productividad. Comprender la dinámica de los microbiomas permitirá desarrollar nuevas estrategias para abordar estos problemas principalmente por el rol que juegan en el control de procesos como los ciclos biogeoquímicos, el estrés oxidativo, el control de patógenos, la producción de gases de efecto invernadero y el desarrolló vegetal. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar la dinámica de la composición estructural y funcional del microbioma del suelo de un cultivo de arroz a través del tiempo y evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de consorcios de microorganismos diazotróficos, a partir de análisis metagenómicos, transcriptómicos y fisicoquímicos. Para llevar a cabo este proceso se analizaron suelos (bulk y rizosférico) de un cultivo comercial de arroz en el departamento del Meta, municipio de Cabuyaro, Colombia. Se muestreó un campo, previamente caracterizado en dos zonas: Alto y Bajo Rendimiento, durante dos ciclos productivos. El primer ciclo consistió en 30 muestras (3 réplicas por zona) en cuatro períodos de tiempo: antes de la emergencia (A), diez días después de la emergencia (D), setenta días (10 días después de la última fertilización) – suelo bulk (F) y – rizosférico (R), y después de la cosecha (C). Durante el segundo ciclo, la zona de suelo de bajo rendimiento fue tratada 10 días antes de la última fertilización química con un consorcio basado en Azospirillum/Azotobacter. Posteriormente, se tomaron 18 muestras a los setenta días de cultivo, definiéndose los tratamientos: alto rendimiento, bajo rendimiento con aplicación y bajo rendimiento sin aplicación. Se realizó la extracción de ADN y posteriormente fue secuenciado a través de la plataforma Illumina Novaseq 6000. Para el análisis bioinformático, se emplearon dos estrategias: una basada en homología para evaluar los perfiles taxonómicos y funcionales utilizando el pipeline DIAMOND+MEGAN6 y otra de ensamblaje para la reconstrucción de MAGs y asignación de funciones específicas. El ensamblaje y binning se realizaron para hacer asignaciones funcionales específicas. Además, para el segundo ciclo fue realizado un análisis de expresión de 6 genes (NifH, NirK, NirS, NarG, AOA y AOB) asociados al ciclo del nitrógeno. Finalmente, se realizaron análisis multivariados que permitieron definir las variables con mayor influencia sobre cada uno de los ciclos. En el primer ciclo, se encontró un alto número de taxones (>650) en muestras de bajo rendimiento, pero no se observaron diferencias en el índice de diversidad de Shannon (6-6,5). Por otro lado, la diversidad beta mostró separaciones entre los periodos evaluados. En el segundo ciclo, se observó una disminución de taxones en las muestras de rizosfera expuestas a consorcios y diferencias en las muestras de suelo bulk con tratamiento (>6,8), al evaluar los resultados del índice de Shannon. La diversidad beta mostró diferencias claras entre muestras con y sin consorcio y entre muestras rizosféricas y de suelo bulk. El análisis de abundancia diferencial mostró cambios específicos en ambos ciclos. Se obtuvieron 81 MAGs para el primer ciclo y 39 MAGs para el segundo, y se exploró su potencial metabólico. Solo se detectó la expresión de NarG y AOA sin diferencias significativas. Para el primer ciclo variables como CIC, Anaeromyxobacter, Sideroxydans, Geotrix, Al, y acidez, correlacionaron con muestras de alto rendimiento, por el contrario, Nitrososphaera, MO, Al y Zinc, correlacionaron con muestras de bajo rendimiento. En el segundo ciclo, Leifsonia y Shannon presentaron mayor influencia sobre las muestras tratadas. Para la zona de bajo rendimiento (sin tratamiento) variables como Syntrophobacter, MO, CO y Methanosarcina, tuvieron mayor relevancia. Por último, acidez, Al, Mn, CICA, porcentaje de arcilla y Anaeromyxobacter influenciaron las muestras de alto rendimiento. Este es el primer estudio en Colombia que relaciona variables microbiológicas y fisicoquímicas del suelo en un lote comercial de arroz que pudieron ser asociadas con el rendimiento, lo cual contribuirá a ajustar las prácticas de manejo para potenciar la productividad del cultivo (Texto tomado de la fuente).spa
dc.description.abstractRice is the third most important crop in Colombia and plays a critical role in enhancing food security. However, several challenges, such as declining yields, decreasing available land, emerging diseases, and rising production input costs, have created obstacles to maintaining high levels of production and productivity. Understanding microbiome dynamics offers potential solutions to these challenges, especially given the role of microbiomes in controlling key processes such as biogeochemical cycles, oxidative stress, pathogen suppression, greenhouse gas production, and plant development. This study aimed to explore the structural and functional composition dynamics of the soil microbiome in a rice crop over time, and to assess the effects of applying diazotrophic microbial consortia through metagenomic, transcriptomic, and physicochemical analyses. The study analyzed soils (bulk and rhizosphere) from a commercial rice field in the Meta Department, Cabuyaro Municipality, Colombia. The field, previously characterized into high- and lowyield zones, was sampled over two production cycles. In the first cycle, 30 samples were collected (three replicates per zone) at four time points: pre-emergence (A), ten days postemergence (D), seventy days post-emergence (10 days after the last fertilization) in bulk soil (F) and rhizosphere soil (R), and post-harvest (C). In the second cycle, the low-yield zone was treated ten days before the final chemical fertilization with a consortium based on Azospirillum and Azotobacter. Eighteen samples were collected 70 days into cultivation, defining treatments as high-yield, low-yield with treatment, and low-yield without treatment. DNA was extracted and sequenced using the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform. Two bioinformatic strategies were employed: a homology-based approach to assess taxonomic and functional profiles using the DIAMOND+MEGAN6 pipeline, and an assembly-based approach for the reconstruction of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and specific functional assignments. Assembly and binning were carried out to assign specific functions. Additionally, in the second cycle, an expression analysis of six nitrogen cycle-associated genes (NifH, NirK, NirS, NarG, AOA, and AOB) was conducted. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the variables that had the greatest influence on each cycle. In the first cycle, a high number of taxa (>650) were found in low-yield samples, although no differences were observed in Shannon diversity index (6-6.5). However, beta diversity showed clear separations between the evaluated periods. In the second cycle, a reduction in taxa was observed in rhizosphere samples exposed to microbial consortia, and Shannon diversity index differences were noted in bulk soil samples with treatment (>6.8). Beta diversity revealed significant differences between samples with and without the consortium, as well as between rhizosphere and bulk soil samples. Differential abundance analysis highlighted specific changes across both cycles. A total of 81 MAGs were recovered for the first cycle and 39 for the second, with their metabolic potential explored. Only NarG and AOA expression was detected, with no significant differences observed. In the first cycle, variables such as cation exchange capacity (CIC), Anaeromyxobacter, Sideroxydans, Geotrix, aluminum, and acidity correlated with high-yield samples, while Nitrososphaera, organic matter (OM), aluminum, and zinc correlated with low-yield samples. In the second cycle, Leifsonia and the Shannon index had the greatest influence on treated samples. For untreated low-yield zones, variables such as Syntrophobacter, OM, carbon dioxide (CO), and Methanosarcina were more relevant. Lastly, acidity, aluminum, manganese, CIC, clay percentage, and Anaeromyxobacter influenced high-yield samples. This is the first study in Colombia to relate microbiological and physicochemical soil variables in a commercial rice field that could be associated with yield, contributing to the optimization of management practices to boost crop productivity.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagister en Ciencias-Biotecnologíaspa
dc.format.extent237 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/87802
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Cienciasspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Biotecnologíaspa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::633 - Cultivos de campo y de plantaciónspa
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biología::577 - Ecologíaspa
dc.subject.lembARROZ-CULTIVOspa
dc.subject.lembRice - Harvestingeng
dc.subject.lembSEGURIDAD ALIMENTICIAspa
dc.subject.lembFood securityeng
dc.subject.lembARROZ-ENFERMEDADES Y PLAGASspa
dc.subject.lembRice - diseases and pestseng
dc.subject.lembCICLOS BIOGEOQUIMICOSspa
dc.subject.lembBiogeochemical cycleseng
dc.subject.lembCICLOS NUTRITIVOSspa
dc.subject.lembNutrient cycleseng
dc.subject.proposalDiversidad microbiana del suelospa
dc.subject.proposalCiclo del nitrógenospa
dc.subject.proposalRendimiento del arrozspa
dc.subject.proposalBacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetalspa
dc.subject.proposalMetagenomicseng
dc.subject.proposalMicrobial soil diversityeng
dc.subject.proposalNitrogen cycleeng
dc.subject.proposalRice yieldeng
dc.subject.proposalPlant growth promotional bacteriaeng
dc.titleAnálisis de los microbiomas del suelo de un cultivo comercial de arroz en el departamento del Meta, bajo un esquema diferencial de fertilización biológica de nitrógenospa
dc.title.translatedAnalysis of soil microbiomes from a commercial rice crop in the department of Meta, under a differential biological nitrogen fertilization schemeeng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadoresspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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