Desarrollo de un hidrolizado de lactosa a partir de lactosuero dulce y su aplicación como endulzante en yogur

dc.contributor.advisorCiro Velásquez, Héctor José
dc.contributor.advisorSepúlveda Valencia, José Uriel
dc.contributor.authorMosquera Martínez, Ana Juleza
dc.contributor.cvlachttps://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001379878
dc.contributor.orcidMosquera Martínez, Ana J. [0000-0002-2078-8080]
dc.contributor.orcidCiro Velásquez, Héctor José [0000-0002-4398-0470]
dc.contributor.orcidSepúlveda Valencia, José Uriel [0000-0001-5660-4514]
dc.contributor.researchgroupGrupo de Investigación en Ciencias y Tecnología de Alimentos -Gicta-
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-24T21:22:25Z
dc.date.available2025-09-24T21:22:25Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.descriptionIlustraciones, gráficos, fotografíasspa
dc.description.abstractEl lactosuero dulce constituye uno de los coproductos más abundantes de la industria láctea y su valorización mediante tecnologías de membrana e hidrólisis enzimática representa una estrategia clave dentro de los modelos de economía circular y sostenibilidad ambiental. En este trabajo se desarrolló y evaluó la producción de un jarabe de glucosa-galactosa enriquecido con galactooligosacáridos (GOS), a partir de un concentrado de lactosa obtenido por nanofiltración, con el fin de utilizarlo como sustituto de la sacarosa en yogur y generar un alimento funcional de mayor valor comercial. La investigación se estructuró en tres etapas. En la primera, se establecieron las condiciones de reacción para maximizar la conversión de lactosa en glucosa, galactosa y GOS; empleando como sustrato un retenido de nanofiltración (180.5–425 g·L⁻¹ de lactosa) y un preparado comercial de β-galactosidasa de Kluyveromyces lactis y, mediante un diseño de superficie de respuesta Box-Behnken con cuatro variables independientes: concentración inicial de lactosa (180.5–425 g L⁻¹), concentración de enzima (0.1–4 g 100g1 ), temperatura (30ºC – 60ºC) y tiempo de reacción (30 – 420 minutos), y cuatro variables respuesta: conversión de lactosa (g 100g-1), rendimiento de GOS totales (%) rendimiento de glucosa (%) y rendimiento de galactosa (%). Se determinó que una concentración inicial de lactosa (180 g L-1) en el retenido de la nanofiltración permite alcanzar hasta un 97% de conversión de la lactosa y producciones de glucosa y galactosa del 43% y 53% respectivamente. En la segunda etapa, se maximizó la retención de lactosa durante el proceso de nanofiltración utilizando un diseño experimental de superficie de respuesta de cara central que incluyó dos variables independientes: presión transmembrana (17 – 31 bares) y temperatura de flujo de alimentación (23 - 37 ºC) ; lo cual permitió retener la lactosa presente en el PUF hasta un máximo de 90% alcanzándose una concentración de 207.1 g L-1 de lactosa en el retenido de nanofiltración, bajo las siguientes condiciones de proceso: presión transmembrana (PTM) = 28.4 bar, temperatura de flujo de alimentación de 25 ºC y un factor de concentración volumétrico (FCV) de cinco junto a minerales como: calcio, magnesio y potasio con concentraciones de 0.097; 0.026 y 0.29 g 100g-1 ; respectivamente. A continuación, se optimizó la reacción de hidrólisis enzimática en el concentrado de 207.14 g L-1 de lactosa obtenido por nanofiltración. El modelo de superficie de respuesta Box-Behnken indicó que era posible lograr un 84.5% de hidrólisis en condiciones óptimas (pH 6.11, 37.2 ºC, 1.36 g·L⁻¹ de enzima y 176 min), obteniéndose un hidrolizado con glucosa (89 g·L⁻¹), galactosa (66 g·L⁻¹), GOS-3 (38.2 g·L⁻¹) y minerales esenciales (K, Mg, Ca, P). Posteriormente, el hidrolizado fue concentrado hasta obtener un jarabe con composición de glucosa (393 ± 11 g·L⁻¹), galactosa (297 ± 12 g·L⁻¹), lactosa (193 ± 5 g·L⁻¹), GOS-3 (77.4 ± 1.3 g·L⁻¹) y GOS-4 (8.8 ± 0.3 g·L⁻¹), además de minerales (K, Mg, Ca) y cenizas (3.4 ± 0.3 g·100g⁻¹), con parámetros de color estables y un poder edulcorante equivalente al 50% de la sacarosa. En la tercera etapa, el jarabe fue incorporado como sustituto de sacarosa en yogur (0– 100% de reemplazo), elaborado con leche entera y cultivo YO-B (Streptococcus thermophilus y Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). Se evaluaron el contenido de GOS, propiedades fisicoquímicas y aceptación sensorial durante 28 días. Los resultados mostraron un incremento en GOS totales desde 0.54 ± 0.02 g·L⁻¹ en el control con sacarosa hasta 5.52 ± 0.04 g·L⁻¹ en el yogur con 50% de inclusión del jarabe, junto con mayores contenidos de minerales y cenizas. El análisis sensorial reveló mayor percepción de dulzura en formulaciones con 25–50% de reemplazo de la sacarosa por el jarabe de glucosa-galactosa y una aceptabilidad equivalente al yogur tradicional hasta niveles de reemplazo del 25%. En conclusión, la valorización del lactosuero dulce mediante nanofiltración e hidrólisis enzimática permite obtener un jarabe funcional rico en GOS y minerales, con potencial como sustituto parcial de sacarosa en yogur. Este enfoque no solo contribuye a diversificar la oferta de alimentos saludables, sino que también refuerza la sostenibilidad de la industria láctea al transformar un coproducto en un ingrediente de alto valor, alineándose con los principios de la economía circular. (Tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractSweet whey is one of the most abundant by-products of the dairy industry, and its valorization through membrane technologies and enzymatic hydrolysis represents a key strategy within circular economy and environmental sustainability models. In this study, the production of a glucose–galactose syrup enriched with galactooligosaccharides (GOS) was developed and evaluated, starting from a lactose concentrate obtained by nanofiltration, with the aim of using it as a sucrose substitute in yogurt and generating a functional food with higher commercial value. The research was structured in three stages. In the first stage, the reaction conditions were established to maximize the conversion of lactose into glucose, galactose, and GOS, using a nanofiltration retentate (180.5–425 g·L⁻¹ of lactose) and a commercial preparation of βgalactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis. A Box-Behnken response surface design with four independent variables (initial lactose concentration, enzyme concentration, temperature, and reaction time) and four response variables (lactose conversion, total GOS yield, glucose yield, and galactose yield) was applied. It was determined that an initial lactose concentration of 180 g·L⁻¹ in the nanofiltration retentate enabled up to 97% lactose conversion, with glucose and galactose yields of 43% and 53%, respectively. In the second stage, lactose retention during nanofiltration was maximized using a central composite response surface design with transmembrane pressure (17–31 bar) and feed temperature (23–37 ºC) as variables. Under optimal conditions (28.4 bar, 25 ºC, and a volumetric concentration factor [VCF] of 5), lactose retention reached 90%, yielding a concentrate with 207.1 g·L⁻¹ of lactose and minerals such as calcium (0.097 g·100g⁻¹), magnesium (0.026 g·100g⁻¹), and potassium (0.29 g·100g⁻¹). Subsequently, enzymatic hydrolysis of this concentrate was optimized. The Box-Behnken model indicated that 84.5% hydrolysis could be achieved under optimal conditions (pH 6.11, 37.2 ºC, 1.36 g·L⁻¹ of enzyme, and 176 min), producing a hydrolysate containing glucose (89 g·L⁻¹), galactose (66 g·L⁻¹), GOS-3 (38.2 g·L⁻¹), and essential minerals (K, Mg, Ca, P). In the third stage, the hydrolysate was concentrated to obtain a syrup with glucose (393 ± 11 g·L⁻¹), galactose (297 ± 12 g·L⁻¹), lactose (193 ± 5 g·L⁻¹), GOS-3 (77.4 ± 1.3 g·L⁻¹), and GOS-4 (8.8 ± 0.3 g·L⁻¹), as well as minerals (K, Mg, Ca) and ash (3.4 ± 0.3 g·100g⁻¹), with stable color parameters and a sweetening power equivalent to 50% of sucrose. This syrup was incorporated as a sucrose substitute in yogurt formulations (0–100%), prepared with whole milk and YO-B starter culture (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus). GOS content, physicochemical properties, and consumer acceptance were evaluated over 28 days. Results showed an increase in total GOS from 0.54 ± 0.02 g·L⁻¹ in the sucrose control to 5.52 ± 0.04 g·L⁻¹ in yogurt with 50% syrup inclusion, along with higher mineral and ash contents. Sensory analysis revealed greater sweetness perception in formulations with 25–50% sucrose replacement and overall acceptability comparable to traditional yogurt up to 25% replacement. In conclusion, the valorization of sweet whey through nanofiltration and enzymatic hydrolysis allows the production of a functional syrup rich in GOS and minerals, with potential as a partial sucrose substitute in yogurt. This approach not only contributes to diversifying the supply of healthy foods but also strengthens the sustainability of the dairy industry by transforming a by-product into a high-value ingredient, aligned with the principles of the circular economy.eng
dc.description.curricularareaProducción Agraria Sostenible.Sede Medellín
dc.description.degreelevelDoctorado
dc.description.degreenameDoctor en Ciencias Agrarias
dc.description.researchareaDesarrollo de productos alimenticios
dc.description.sponsorshipEste estudio fue financiado por la convocatoria 562 de 2012 de COLCIENCIAS (actualmente Minciencias) y por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Medellín. Los autores agradecen a Minciencias el apoyo económico recibido a través de la convocatoria 562 de 2012, así como la beca de doctorado otorgada a Ana Juleza Mosquera Martínez en el marco de la convocatoria nacional 617 de 2013 para becas de doctorado (Apoyo Financiero).
dc.format.extent156 páginas
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/88956
dc.language.isospa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias
dc.publisher.placeMedellín, Colombia
dc.publisher.programMedellín - Ciencias Agrarias - Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseReconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subject.agrovocLactosuero
dc.subject.agrovocJarabe de glucosa
dc.subject.agrovocHidrólisis enzimática
dc.subject.armarcJarabe de glucosa
dc.subject.ddc660 - Ingeniería química::664 - Tecnología de alimentos
dc.subject.ddc640 - Gestión del hogar y vida familiar::641 - Alimentos y bebidas
dc.subject.ddc660 - Ingeniería química
dc.subject.lembIndustria del yogurt
dc.subject.lembIndustria de productos lácteos
dc.subject.lembProductos lácteos
dc.subject.lembTecnología de alimentos
dc.subject.proposalSuero lácteospa
dc.subject.proposalNanofiltraciónspa
dc.subject.proposalHidrólisis enzimática de lactosaspa
dc.subject.proposalJarabe de glucosa-galactosaspa
dc.subject.proposalGalacto-oligosacáridosspa
dc.subject.proposalYogurspa
dc.subject.proposalWheyeng
dc.subject.proposalNanofiltrationeng
dc.subject.proposalEnzymatic hydrolysis of lactoseeng
dc.subject.proposalGlucose-galactose syrupeng
dc.subject.proposalGalacto-oligosaccharideseng
dc.subject.proposalYogurteng
dc.titleDesarrollo de un hidrolizado de lactosa a partir de lactosuero dulce y su aplicación como endulzante en yogurspa
dc.title.translatedDevelopment of a lactose hydrolysate from sweet whey and its application as a sweetener in yogurteng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctorado
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantes
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadores
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestros
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

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