Use of mitochondrial markers as a tool in the management of trade wildlife in Colombia
| dc.contributor.advisor | Vargas Ramírez, Mario | |
| dc.contributor.author | Arias Sosa, Luis Alejandro | |
| dc.contributor.cvlac | Luis Alejandro Arias Sosa [0001561765] | spa |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Luis Alejandro Arias Sosa [0000000262399809] | spa |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup | Biodiversidad y Conservación Genética | spa |
| dc.coverage.city | Colombia | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2024-07-30T19:59:36Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2024-07-30T19:59:36Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2024 | |
| dc.description | ilustraciones, diagramas, mapas, tablas | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | La extracción y comercio ilegal de fauna silvestre constituyen un importante impulsor de la pérdida de biodiversidad a nivel global y regional. Esto representa amenazas considerables para las poblaciones naturales y ejerce una inmensa presión sobre las entidades ambientales encargadas de gestionar eficazmente cientos de individuos confiscados cada año. Si bien el resultado óptimo es la rehabilitación adecuada y la liberación de individuos confiscados en su hábitat natural, la falta de información confiable sobre el origen del animal y decisiones de manejo desinformadas podrían tener efectos indeseables en las poblaciones naturales, como la depresión exogámica y la homogeneización de la diversidad. En consecuencia, el uso de información genética para inferir el origen más probable de los individuos confiscados ha sido altamente recomendado como una herramienta en la toma de decisiones para las estrategias de manejo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar el uso de marcadores mitocondriales como una herramienta para inferir el origen geográfico de algunas de las especies de loros, tortugas y serpientes más comercializadas en Colombia. Para lograr esto, exploramos inicialmente la estructura filogeográfica en diez especies altamente comercializadas mediante el análisis de 647 secuencias de individuos de poblaciones naturales conocidas. Este análisis buscaba determinar si los individuos de diferentes ubicaciones biogeográficas mostraban patrones genéticos diferenciados y establecer una base de datos de referencia. Posteriormente, obtuvimos secuencias de 329 individuos en cautiverio de origen desconocido y determinamos su origen más probable al analizarlos junto con la base de datos de referencia establecida. Los resultados destacan la estructura genética en las poblaciones silvestres a lo largo de las regiones biogeográficas, enfatizando la necesidad de gestión infraespecífica para proteger la diversidad genética del país. Nuestro análisis reveló nuevas líneas evolutivas - 14 (es decir, grupos filogeográficos y subespecies no descritas), así como nuevas unidades de manejo para las especies estudiadas. Además, este trabajo reveló una heterogeneidad significativa en los orígenes de los individuos confiscados, indicando complejas redes comerciales donde los individuos son capturados en múltiples áreas de caza y luego movilizados hacia el interior para satisfacer las demandas dentro del país. Estos hallazgos demuestran la necesidad urgente de programas de manejo y liberación mejor informados. El análisis genético debe integrarse en la toma de decisiones con respecto al manejo y disposición de individuos en cautiverio, requiriendo la separación de animales de diferentes grupos genéticos/originarios y liberaciones dirigidas en áreas dentro del origen inferido de los especímenes. Se deben evitar las liberaciones masivas de individuos en áreas no específicas en la amplia distribución de una especie. Las caracterizaciones genéticas deben llevarse a cabo para todas las especies altamente comercializadas en el país. Al llevar a cabo este proyecto de investigación, hemos demostrado el potencial de los marcadores moleculares mitocondriales como una herramienta relativamente simple, estandarizada, económica y confiable para evaluar el origen de la fauna silvestre comercializada en Colombia. Sin embargo, dado que cada especie tiene una historia ecológica y filogeográfica única, esta herramienta debe validarse de manera independiente para su uso en otras especies (Texto tomado de la fuente). | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | Illegal wildlife extraction and trade constitute a significant driver of global and regional biodiversity loss. This poses considerable threats to natural populations and places immense pressure on environmental entities, tasked with effectively managing hundreds of seized individuals each year. While the optimal outcome is the proper rehabilitation and release of confiscated individuals into the wild, the lack of reliable information regarding the animal’s origin and uninformed management decisions could lead to undesirable effects on natural populations, such as exogamic depression and diversity homogenization. Consequently, the use of genetic information to infer the most probable origin of seized individuals has been highly recommended as a tool in decision-making for management strategies. This study aims to explore the use of mitochondrial markers as a tool to infer the geographic origin of some of the most traded species of parrots, turtles and snakes in Colombia. To achieve this, we initially explored the phylogeographic structure in ten highly traded species by analyzing 647 sequences from individuals from known natural populations. This analysis sought to determine whether individuals from different biogeographic locations exhibited differentiated genetic patterns and to establish a reference database. Subsequently, we obtained sequences from 329 captive individuals of unknown origin and determined their most probable origin by analyzing them together with the established reference database. The results underscore the genetic structure in wild populations across biogeographic regions, emphasizing the need for infra-specific management to protect the country's genetic diversity. Our analysis revealed new evolutionary lineages, (i.e., undescribed phylogeographic groups and subspecies), as well as new management units for the studied species. Additionally, this work unveiled significant heterogeneity in the origins of seized individuals, indicating complex trade networks where individuals are harvested from multiple poaching areas and then mobilized to the interior to meet demands within the country. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for better-informed management and release programs. Genetic analysis needs to be integrated into decision-making regarding the management and disposition of captive individuals, necessitating the separation of animals from different genetic/origin groups and targeted releases in areas within the inferred origin of the specimens. Massive releases of individuals within unspecific areas in the broad distribution of a species should be avoided. Genetic characterizations should be carried out for all highly traded species in the country. By performing this research project, we have demonstrated the potential of mitochondrial molecular markers as a relatively simple, standardized, inexpensive, and reliable tool to assess the origin of traded wildlife in Colombia. However, given that each species has a unique ecological and phylogeographical history, this tool needs to be independently validated to be used in other species. | eng |
| dc.description.degreelevel | Maestría | spa |
| dc.description.degreename | Magíster en Ciencias - Biología | spa |
| dc.description.methods | Sample Collection: Tissue samples were sourced mainly from museum material from a variety of locations, as well as some field sampling efforts. We specifically targeted the six Amazon parrot species found in Colombia, namely Amazona ochrocephala, A. amazonica, A. farinosa, A. autumnalis, A. festiva, and A. mercenaria. Additionally, we incorporated published sequences with known origins that were obtained from the GenBank and BOLD databases. To address the taxonomic ambiguity within the yellow-crowned amazon (A. ochrocephala), which is part of the "yellow-headed parrot species complex", we included available sequences from related species. These related species included the yellow-naped amazon (A. auropalliata), yellow-shouldered amazon (A. barbadensis), and turquoise-fronted amazon (A. aestiva), as they have been considered part of the same complex (Eberhard y Bermingham 2004; Ribas, Tavares, et al. 2007). In total, our analysis included 140 sequences with known geographic origins, comprising our genetic reference database (Table 1). In addition, we collected 156 blood samples from seized Amazon parrots with unknown origins. These samples were obtained from tissue collections and live animals held by various institutions, including the “Laboratorio de Genética Forense de Especies Silvestres en la Dirección de Investigación Criminal e INTERPOL”, the “Unidad de Rescate y Rehabilitación de Animales Silvestres (URRAS) bajo la jurisdicción de la Secretaría de Ambiente del Distrito de Bogotá”, and the “Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca CAR”. Of these samples, 144 were obtained from adult individuals, while 12 were from young parrots where plumage-based identification was not feasible. For a comprehensive dataset of all analyzed sequences, please refer to Supplementary Table 1. DNA extraction: For fresh and well-preserved samples we performed DNA extraction using the NucleoSpin Tissue Kit from MACHEREY-NAGEL, Germany, following the manufacturer's instructions. For museum samples, we followed the protocol described in Hoyos et al. (2017). After extraction, DNA concentration was quantified with an EzDrop 1000 Micro-Volume Spectrophotometer (Bleu-Ray), and purity was assessed based on absorbance ratios at 280-260 and 230-260. | spa |
| dc.description.researcharea | Genética de la conservación | spa |
| dc.format.extent | 219 páginas | spa |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | spa |
| dc.identifier.instname | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.reponame | Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.repourl | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ | spa |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/86655 | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | spa |
| dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.publisher.branch | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá | spa |
| dc.publisher.faculty | Facultad de Ciencias | spa |
| dc.publisher.place | Bogotá, Colombia | spa |
| dc.publisher.program | Bogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Biología | spa |
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| dc.relation.references | Tizard, J., Patel, S., Waugh, J., Tavares, E., Bergmann, T., Gill, B., Norman, J. et al. 2019. DNA barcoding a unique avifauna: an important tool for evolution, systematics and conservation. BMC Evolutionary Biology 19: . | spa |
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| dc.relation.references | Urantoẃka, A.D., Mackiewicz, P., Strzaał, T. 2014. Phylogeny of Amazona barbadensis and the Yellow-Headed Amazon complex (Aves: Psittacidae): A new look at South American parrot evolution. PLoS ONE 9: e97228. | spa |
| dc.relation.references | Vargas-Ramírez, M., Caballero, S., Morales-Betancourt, M.A., Lasso, C.A., Amaya, L., Martínez, J.G., das Neves Silva Viana, M. et al. 2020. Genomic analyses reveal two species of the matamata (Testudines: Chelidae: Chelus spp.) and clarify their phylogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 148: . | spa |
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| dc.relation.references | Xu, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, H., Wang, M., Li, G. 2019. Mitochondrial Gene Sequence (COI) Reveals the Genetic Structure and Demographic History of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) in and around China. Insects 10: . | spa |
| dc.relation.references | Yang, J., Zhu, G.F., Jiang, J., Xiang, C.L., Gao, F.L., Bao, W.D. 2019. Non-invasive genetic analysis indicates low population connectivity in vulnerable Chinese gorals: concerns for segregated population management. Zoological research 40: 439-448. | spa |
| dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | spa |
| dc.rights.license | Atribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional | spa |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/ | spa |
| dc.subject.ddc | 570 - Biología::578 - Historia natural de los organismos y temas relacionados | spa |
| dc.subject.ddc | 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal | spa |
| dc.subject.lemb | ESPECIES AMENAZADAS | spa |
| dc.subject.lemb | Endangered species | eng |
| dc.subject.lemb | CONSERVACION DE LA NATURALEZA | spa |
| dc.subject.lemb | Nature conservation | eng |
| dc.subject.lemb | RECUPERACION DE LA FAUNA SILVESTRE | spa |
| dc.subject.lemb | Wildlife rehabilitators | eng |
| dc.subject.lemb | INGENIERIA GENETICA | spa |
| dc.subject.lemb | Genetic engineering | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Estructura genética | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Unidades de manejo | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Loros | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Filogeografía | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Serpientes | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Tortugas | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Manejo de fauna silvestre | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Decomisos de fauna silvestre | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Genetic structure | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Management units | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Parrots | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Phylogeography | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Snakes | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Turtles | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Wildlife management | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Wildlife confiscations | eng |
| dc.title | Use of mitochondrial markers as a tool in the management of trade wildlife in Colombia | spa |
| dc.title.translated | Uso de marcadores mitocondriales como herramienta en el manejo fauna traficada en Colombia | eng |
| dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Maestría | spa |
| dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc | spa |
| dc.type.coarversion | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa | spa |
| dc.type.content | Text | spa |
| dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis | spa |
| dc.type.redcol | http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM | spa |
| dc.type.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion | spa |
| dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopment | Público general | spa |
| oaire.accessrights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | spa |
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