Análisis del microbioma fúngico presente en diferentes tipos de suelos cacaoteros con cadmio en el municipio de Yacopí - Cundinamarca

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dc.contributor.advisorTorres Rojas, Esperanza
dc.contributor.advisorCaro Quintero, Alejandro
dc.contributor.authorGonzález Bello, Diego Alejandro
dc.contributor.orcidGonzález Bello, Diego [0000000268915907]spa
dc.contributor.researchgroupAgrobiodiversidad y Biotecnologíaspa
dc.coverage.countryColombia
dc.coverage.regionYacopí
dc.coverage.regionCundinamarca
dc.date.accessioned2023-07-31T20:04:00Z
dc.date.available2023-07-31T20:04:00Z
dc.date.issued2023-07-24
dc.descriptionilustraciones, diagramas, mapasspa
dc.description.abstractEl cadmio (Cd) es un metal pesado tóxico que altera el crecimiento y desarrollo de todos los organismos presentes en los sistemas agrícolas. Las plantas de cacao acumulan Cd y se han registrado altas concentraciones en los granos de cacao, lo que afecta la seguridad alimentaria y su comercialización. La comunidad microbiana del suelo cumple un papel importante en el ciclaje de nutrientes y en la biorremediación de suelos contaminados con metales pesados. Dentro de esta comunidad se destacan los hongos, que establecen redes miceliales que colonizan el suelo y exhiben mecanismos de tolerancia que les permiten sobrevivir altas concentraciones del metal. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado el efecto de las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y del Cd sobre la comunidad fúngica presente en suelos cacaoteros. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la diversidad estructural de los microbiomas fúngicos presentes en suelos cacaoteros con diferentes propiedades físicas, químicas y concentraciones de Cd del municipio de Yacopí-Cundinamarca. Para ello, se seleccionaron tres fincas cacaoteras con diferentes concentraciones de Cd (F1>5,0 mg kg-1; F2 y F3<2 mg kg-1) y dos lotes uno con cultivo de cacao (SCC) y otro sin cultivo de cacao (SWC) en cada finca. Se colectaron muestras de suelo rizosférico (Rz) y no Rz a dos profundidades, D1 (0-30 cm) y D2 (31-100 cm); y muestras de hojarasca (HJ), hojas (HF) y frutos en los lotes SCC. Para los lotes SWC se colectaron únicamente suelo a las profundidades D1 y D2. (i) Se determinaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y su relación con el Cd en suelos, hojarasca, hoja y grano de cacao en las tres fincas. Se encontró que la distribución de Cd fue heterogénea y mayor en F1>F3>F2, y en los suelos de F1 los contenidos de Cd fueron mayores SCC>SWC y en suelos Rz>D1=D2, alcanzado un valor promedio de 10,24 mg kg-1. Las concentraciones de Cd presentes en los suelos de las tres fincas fueron superiores a los niveles establecidos por las entidades regulatorias internacionales para suelos agrícolas no contaminados (1,0 mg kg-1) y el contenido de Cd en granos fue superior a las concentraciones permitidas por la comunidad europea para grano seco (0,6 mg kg-1). La concentración de Cd en los tejidos vegetales analizados fue mayor en HJ>HF>G. También el contenido de Cd en la HJ fue mayor a lo encontrado en el suelo a profundidad de D1, lo que podría contribuir a la recirculación del Cd en sistema suelo-planta. Posteriormente, (ii) se caracterizó la riqueza y abundancia relativa de la comunidad fúngica presentes en los suelos analizados. Los resultados muestran que la riqueza y la abundancia relativa encontrada en SCC fue mayor que la presente en SWC, indicando que el cultivo de cacao crea ambientes diferentes que favorecen la diversidad. Los ASVs (taxones) encontrados en los suelos de la finca F1 mostraron menor similitud con respecto a los presentes en los suelos de las fincas F2 y F3, mayor número de ASVs únicos en suelos con cultivo (SCC) y en suelos Rz; lo que indica que la estructura de la comunidad fúngica se ve alterada por las propiedades fisicoquímicas, el contenido de Cd en el suelo, el cultivo de cacao y la rizosfera. Los phylum Ascomycota (68%) y Basidiomycota (25%) fueron los más abundantes, donde los órdenes Hypocreales, Pleosporales y Capnodiales fueron los más representativos. Adicionalmente, los análisis de abundancia diferencial destacan los géneros Hypoxylon, Microdochium, Xylaria y la familia Nectricaceae, los cuales han sido reportados como tolerantes a metales pesados. También se encontraron géneros raros y pocos conocidos como Plectosphaerella, Tetracladium, Microdihum y Cyberlindnera que podrían tener capacidad de tolerar altas concentraciones de Cd. Finalmente, (iii) se evaluó el efecto de las características fisicoquímicas y concentraciones de Cd presente en suelos cacaoteros sobre la diversidad estructural de las comunidades fúngicas. Se encontró que las propiedades fisicoquímicas de los suelos presentaron bajas correlaciones con los índices de diversidad alfa, indicando que la estructura de las comunidades fúngicas está determinada por múltiples factores. La textura, el pH, CO, N, Na y Cdt mostraron tener mayor efecto en la diversidad estructural. Las redes de co-ocurrencia mostraron géneros fúngicos únicos y compartidos por finca. A su vez, se encontró que la finca F1 se presentó una estructura más homogénea debido posiblemente a los altos contenido de Cd y propiedades fisicoquímicas encontradas, en contraste, la finca F2, la estructura cambia de acuerdo a la profundidad del suelo. Esta investigación aporta por primera vez al conocimiento de la diversidad de la comunidad fúngica presente en SCC y SWC enriquecido con concentraciones de Cd natural. (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractCadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that alters the growth and development of all organisms present in agricultural systems. Cacao plants accumulate Cd and high concentrations have been recorded in cacao beans, affecting food safety and marketing. The soil microbial community plays an important role in nutrient cycling and in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. Within this community, fungi stand out, establishing mycelial networks that colonize the soil and exhibit tolerance mechanisms that allow them to survive high concentrations of this metal. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of soil physicochemical properties and Cd on the fungal community present in cacao soils. The objective of this study was to characterize the structural diversity of fungal microbiomes present in cocoa soils with different physical and chemical properties and Cd concentrations in the municipality of Yacopí-Cundinamarca. For this purpose, three cocoa farms with different Cd concentrations (F1>5,0 mg kg-1 ; F2 and F3<2,0 mg kg-1 ) and two lots, one with cacao crop (SCC) and one without cacao crop (SWC) were selected in each farm. Rhizospheric (Rz) and non-Rz soil samples were collected at two depths, D1 (0-30 cm) and D2 (31-100 cm); and leaf litter (HJ), leaf (HF) and pods samples were collected in the SCC plots. For the SWC plots, only soil was collected at depths D1 and D2. (i) The physicochemical properties of the soil and their relationship with Cd in soils, leaf litter, leaves and cacao beans were determined on the three farms. It was found that the distribution of Cd was heterogeneous and higher in F1>F3>F2, and in F1 soils the Cd contents were higher SCC>SWC and in Rz>D1=D2 soils, reaching an average value of 10.24 mg kg-1 . The Cd concentrations present in the soils of the three farms were higher than the levels established by international regulatory for non-contaminated agricultural soils (1.0 mg kg-1) and the Cd content in grains was higher than the concentrations allowed by the European community for dry beans (0.6 mg kg-1). The Cd concentration in the plant tissues analyzed was higher in HJ>HF>G. Also, the Cd content in HJ was higher than that found in the soil at the depth of D1, which could contribute to the recirculation of Cd in the soil-plant system. Subsequently, (ii) the richness and relative abundance of the fungal community present in the analyzed soils were characterized. The results show that the richness and relative abundance found in SCC was higher than that present in SWC, indicating that cacao cultivation creates different environments that favor diversity. The ASVs (taxa) found in F1 farm soils showed lower similarity with respect to those present in F2 and F3 farm soils, higher number of unique ASVs in SCC and in Rz soils; indicating that the fungal community structure is altered by physicochemical properties, soil Cd content, cacao crop and rhizosphere. The phylum Ascomycota (68%) and Basidiomycota (25%) were the most abundant, where the orders Hypocreales, Pleosporales and Capnodiales were the most representative. In addition, differential abundance analyses highlighted the genera Hypoxylon, Microdochium, Xylaria and the family Nectricaceae, which have been reported to be tolerant to heavy metals. Rare and little known genera such as Plectosphaerella, Tetracladium, Microdihum and Cyberlindnera were also found that could be able to tolerate high Cd concentrations. Finally, (iii) the effect of physicochemical characteristics and Cd concentrations present in cacao soils on the structural diversity of fungal communities was evaluated. It was found that the physicochemical properties of the soils presented low correlations with the alpha diversity indices, indicating that the structure of fungal communities is determined by multiple factors. Texture, pH, organic carbon, N, Na and Cdt were shown to have the greatest effect on structural diversity. Co-occurrence networks showed unique and shared fungal genera per farm. At the same time, it was found that the F1 farm presented a more homogeneous structure, possibly due to the high Cd content and physicochemical properties found, in contrast, the F2 farm, the structure changes according to soil depth. This research contributes for the first time to the knowledge of the diversity of the fungal community present in SCC and SWC enriched with natural Cd concentrations.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagíster en Ciencias Agrariasspa
dc.format.extent204 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/84379
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ciencias Agrariasspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias Agrarias - Maestría en Ciencias Agrariasspa
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dc.relation.referencesPriyadarshini, E., Priyadarshini, S. S., Cousins, B. G., & Pradhan, N. (2021). Metal-Fungus interaction: Review on cellular processes underlying heavy metal detoxification and synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Chemosphere, 274, 129976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129976spa
dc.relation.referencesQadir, S., Jamshieed, S., Rasool, S., Ashraf, M., Akram, N. A., & Ahmad, P. (2014). Modulation of plant growth and metabolism in cadmium-enriched environments. En D. M. Whitacre (Ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 229, pp. 51-88). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03777-6_4spa
dc.relation.referencesRodríguez Eugenio, N., McLaughlin, M. J., & Pennock, D. J. (2018). Soil pollution: A hidden reality. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.spa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/spa
dc.subject.agrovocMicrobiomasspa
dc.subject.agrovocMicrobiomeseng
dc.subject.agrovocAcondicionadores del suelospa
dc.subject.agrovocSoil conditionerseng
dc.subject.ddc630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::633 - Cultivos de campo y de plantaciónspa
dc.subject.ddc630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::631 - Técnicas específicas, aparatos, equipos, materialesspa
dc.subject.proposalComunidad-fúngicaspa
dc.subject.proposalTheobroma-cacaospa
dc.subject.proposalEcología-microbianaspa
dc.subject.proposalMetataxonomíaspa
dc.subject.proposalMetales-pesadosspa
dc.subject.proposalFungal-communityeng
dc.subject.proposalTheobroma-cacaoeng
dc.subject.proposalMicrobial-ecologyeng
dc.subject.proposalMetataxonomyeng
dc.subject.proposalHeavy-metalseng
dc.subject.proposalTheobroma-cacaoeng
dc.titleAnálisis del microbioma fúngico presente en diferentes tipos de suelos cacaoteros con cadmio en el municipio de Yacopí - Cundinamarcaspa
dc.title.translatedAnalysis of the fungal microbiome present in cocoa soils with different cadmium concentrationseng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantesspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadoresspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestrosspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentPúblico generalspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa
oaire.awardtitleCaracterización estructural y predicción funcional de la comunidad microbiana presente en suelos con diferentes niveles de cadmio en fincas cacaoteras del Municipio de Yacopí-Cundinamarcaspa
oaire.fundernameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa

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