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Micromorfología de paleosuelos del Desierto de la Tatacoa, Colombia: Interpretación paleoambiental del Mioceno Medio

dc.contributor.advisorSalazar Jaramillo, Susanaspa
dc.contributor.authorSotelo Buitrago, Jose Luisspa
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-22T20:06:48Zspa
dc.date.available2021-02-22T20:06:48Zspa
dc.date.issued2020-12-04spa
dc.description.abstractMediante análisis micromorfológicos se identificaron características pedogenéticas asociadas con la estacionalidad en el régimen de humedad en paleosuelos del miembro Baraya, en el Desierto de la Tatacoa, Colombia. Características tales como el buen desarrollo de color, estructura, moteados, iluviación de arcillas, nódulos de Fe y Mn, carbonato de calcio y slickensides, sugieren un régimen de humedad con una variación contrastante entre periodos cálidos – húmedos y periodos fríos – secos. Dichas características permiten clasificar los paleosuelos de las capas Ferruginosa y La Venta (miembro Baraya) como Alfisoles y Vertisoles, respectivamente. Algunos rasgos tales como colores tipo gley (tonalidades grises, grises verdosos, grises azulosos, entre otros) son típicos de suelos hidromórficos (cuyos periodos de saturación de agua son prolongados), mientras otros como la presencia de carbonatos, óxidos e hidróxidos de hierro son producto de variaciones contrastantes en las condiciones de humedad y drenaje del suelo. La buena expresión de estos rasgos pedogenéticos sugiere que estas condiciones climáticas coincidieron con un periodo relativamente largo de estabilidad en el paisaje, donde la actividad tectónica durante la parte media del Serravaliense (~13.10 – 12.80 Ma) no afectó la pedogénesis. Como resultado, las bajas tasas de sedimentación favorecieron los procesos pedogenéticos dando origen a perfiles bien desarrollados. Estos suelos, distales de los canales fluviales, son perfiles típicos de llanura de inundación y representan suelos cumulativos “cumulative soils”. Finalmente, se determinó que el relieve fue el factor formador con mayor relevancia en la génesis de estos paleosuelos. Factores como el clima, el material parental, el tiempo y los organismos tuvieron una injerencia secundaria en esta zona geomorfológicamente estable. Análisis geoquímicos de los paleosuelos de las capas Ferruginosa y La Venta, en el Desierto de la Tatacoa, permitieron deducir variaciones en las condiciones de régimen de humedad y drenaje durante el Serravaliense, Mioceno medio. Los datos de Fluorescencia de Rayos X (FRX) indicaron alta concentración de óxidos mayores como SiO2, Al2O3 y Fe2O3, principalmente. En la capa La Venta, el Al2O3 es el más abundante, mientras K2O, CaO y Na2O presentaron los valores más bajos. Los minerales de arcillas 2:1, identificados con difracción de rayos x (DRX), corresponden a esmectita, vermiculita, ilita e interestratificados de ilita-esmectita. La arcilla 1:1 predominante es caolinita. La esmectita (correspondiente a montmorillonita), la ilita y la caolinita son de origen detrítico, producto de materiales epiclásticos provenientes de la Cordillera Central. La vermiculita fue generada por pedogénesis. Los minerales de arcilla de origen pedogenético se relacionan con ambientes de clima cálido, moderada a alta precipitación y condiciones contrastantes de régimen de humedad y drenaje. La ocurrencia de interestratificados ilita-esmectita, también de origen pedogenético, indica condiciones de pH neutro a ligeramente alcalino, favorables para el proceso de esmectización. Diferentes indicadores geoquímicos se aplicaron para estimar el nivel de meteorización, lixiviación, perdida de bases intercambiables e intensidad del proceso de oxidación. Los resultados indican que ambos suelos presentan alta meteorización química por oxidación y lixiviación, siendo más intensa en la capa Ferruginosa. Los indicadores geoquímicos también permitieron estimar la cantidad de precipitación media anual (MAP) y la temperatura media anual (MAT). Estimaciones de MAP utilizando el proxy CALMAG arrojaron valores entre 1261 a 1684 mm/año, y se obtuvieron valores entre 820 y 1307 mm/año usando del proxy CIA, en el paleosuelo de la capa Ferruginosa. Para el paleosuelo en la capa La Venta, la MAP obtenida con el proxy CALMAG presentó un rango de valores entre 1572 y 1637 mm/año, y de 1047 a 1242 mm/año calculada con el proxy CIA. Dichos rangos de precipitación coinciden con un régimen de humedad údico, variando a ústico. Los cálculos de la MAT utilizando los indicadores Argilización y Salinización, dieron valores en el paleosuelo de la capa Ferruginosa entre 15 y 23.6oC, y 12 a 15.9oC, respectivamente. Los resultados de MAT en el paleosuelo de la capa La Venta oscilaron entre 15 y 19.3oC, y 13.3 a 15.4oC. Estos valores indican un régimen de temperatura térmica, con variaciones a mésico. El régimen de humedad údico y el régimen de temperatura térmica – mésica, sugieren que, durante el Mioceno medio, el Desierto de la Tatacoa correspondía a una zona de vida de bosque húmedo, muy contrastante con el bosque seco que domina en la actualidad.spa
dc.description.abstractMicromorphological analysis, in the paleosols of the Baraya member, Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, allowed the identification of pedogenic features related to seasonality of soil moisture regime. Well-developed features like soil structure, color, mottling, clay illuviation, development of Fe and Mn nodules, CaCO3 precipitation, and slickensides, suggest a variation of the soil moisture regime between warm – wet and cold – dry periods. According to these characteristics, the paleosols of the Ferruginosa and La Venta layers (Baraya member) were classified as Alfisols and Vertisols, respectively. Drabbed colors are generally typical of hydromorphic conditions, while carbonates, iron oxides and hydroxides, result from contrasting variations in the soil moisture and its drainage. A relatively long period of landscape stability, low tectonic activity during the middle part of the Serravallian (~ 13.10 - 12.80 Ma), was interpreted from the marked pedogenetic features. During this time interval, low sedimentation rates favored pedogenesis, yielding well-developed paleosol profiles in the distal side of the fluvial channels. These floodplain profiles are known as cumulative soils. Pedogenic properties and processes indicate that the relief was the most important soil forming factor in the genesis of these fossil soils. Geochemical analyses in the paleosols of the Ferruginosa and La Venta layers, Tatacoa Desert, Colombia, show variations in the conditions of soil moisture regime and soil drainage during the Serravallian, middle Miocene. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) data indicates high concentration of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 major oxides. In La Venta paleosol, Al2O3 is the most abundant major oxide, while K2O, CaO and Na2O have the lowest values. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) show that smectite, vermiculite, ilite and interstratified ilite-smectite are the mainly 2:1 clay minerals. The predominant 1:1 clay mineral is kaolinite. Smectite (montmorillonite), ilite and kaolinite, of detrital origin, are reworked epiclastic material from the Central Cordillera. Vermiculite is of pedogenetic origin. Clay minerals of pedogenetic origin are related to a warm climate, moderate to high rainfall and contrasting conditions of humidity and drainage. The occurrence of interstratified ilite-smectite, also of pedogenetic origin, indicates neutral to slightly alkaline pH conditions, favoring smectization process. Geochemical proxies were used to estimate the level of weathering, leaching, loss of exchangeable bases and intensity of oxidation. The results indicate that both soils show high levels of oxidation and leaching, being more intense in the Ferruginous layer. The amount of mean annual precipitation (MAP) and the mean annual temperature (MAT) were estimated using geochemical proxies. MAP estimates with the CALMAG proxy indicate values between 1261 to 1684 mm / year, and 820 to 1307 mm / using the CIA proxy, in Ferruginous paleosol. In La Venta paleosol, the MAP with the CALMAG proxy shows a range between 1572 and 1637 mm / year, and 1047 to 1242 mm / year with the CIA proxy. This precipitation range is consistent with a udic soil moisture regime, varying to ustic. MAT using Clayeness and Salinization proxies, in the paleosol of Ferruginous layer, are between 15 and 23.6°C, and 12 to 15.9°C, respectively. MAT in the paleosol of La Venta ranges between 15 and 19.3°C, and 13.3 to 15.4°C. These values agree with a thermal soil temperature regime, with variations to a mesic regime. The udic moisture regime and the thermal temperature regime (to mesic) suggest that, during the middle Miocene, the Tatacoa Desert fit in the moist forest life zone, very contrasting with the actual dry forest.spa
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.format.extent1 recurso en línea (156 páginas)spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79280
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.departmentDepartamento de Geocienciasspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Geologíaspa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.spaAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc550 - Ciencias de la tierra::551 - Geología, hidrología, meteorologíaspa
dc.subject.proposalMicromorfologíaspa
dc.subject.proposalMicromorphologyeng
dc.subject.proposalMiembro Barayaspa
dc.subject.proposalTatacoa deserteng
dc.subject.proposalBaraya Membereng
dc.subject.proposalReconstrucción paleoambientalspa
dc.subject.proposalPaleosuelosspa
dc.subject.proposalPalaeoenvironmental reconstructioneng
dc.subject.proposalPaleosolseng
dc.subject.proposalMinerales de arcillaspa
dc.subject.proposalFRXspa
dc.subject.proposalClay mineralseng
dc.subject.proposalCALMAGeng
dc.subject.proposalDRXspa
dc.subject.proposalCIAspa
dc.subject.proposalPaleoprecipitationeng
dc.subject.proposalCALMAGspa
dc.subject.proposalPaleotemperatureeng
dc.subject.proposalPaleoprecipitaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalPaleotemperaturaspa
dc.subject.proposalDesierto de la Tatacoaspa
dc.titleMicromorfología de paleosuelos del Desierto de la Tatacoa, Colombia: Interpretación paleoambiental del Mioceno Mediospa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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