Cryptic reef fish lineages in the western Atlantic, an opportunity to glimpse geographical patterns of diversification: Haemulon aurolineatum as a case study

dc.contributor.advisorAcero Pizarro, Arturo
dc.contributor.authorScheel Dalmau, Melissa
dc.contributor.cvlacMelissa Scheel Dalmau [0002006026]
dc.contributor.cvlacArturo Acero Pizarro [0000064360]
dc.contributor.cvlacJose Julián Tavera [0001380091]
dc.contributor.orcidMelissa Scheel Dalmau [0000000191021058]
dc.contributor.orcidJose Tavera [0000000345179238]
dc.contributor.orcidArturo Acero P [0000000266379901]
dc.contributor.relatedpersonTavera Jose Julián
dc.contributor.researchgroupFauna Marina Colombiana: Biodiversidad y Usos
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-24T13:53:51Z
dc.date.available2026-02-24T13:53:51Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.descriptionGráficos; Imágenes; Mapas; Tablas
dc.description.abstractUnderstanding the spatial scale and structure of marine connectivity is essential for uncovering how ocean currents shape gene flow, population structure, and larval transport in reef organisms. I examined range-wide patterns of gene flow and population structure in the tomtate (Haemulon aurolineatum), an abundant reef fish with a broad distribution from southern Brazil to Bermuda in the western Atlantic. I used genome-wide Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), mitochondrial DNA sequences, and a re-evaluation of morphological variation to assess connectivity, demographic history, and lineage boundaries across 22 locations spanning all major biogeographic provinces within the species’ range. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses identified three main genetic groups: (1) the Caribbean and Southwestern Atlantic (CSA), (2) the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), and (3) Bermuda (BDA), with further substructure within CSA. Demographic modeling and migration analyses supported early divergence followed by sustained but asymmetric gene flow, particularly into BDA, which acts as a long-term demographic sink, likely maintained by episodic larval input from CSA and GOM. This pattern aligns with previous findings from biophysical models and larval transport studies. Recognized marine barriers such as the Eastern and Western Caribbean breaks contributed to population differentiation, while coastal corridors along Brazil and the Guianas facilitated northward gene flow. Coalescent-based species delimitation supported three species-level lineages, but we interpret these as subspecies: morphologically and genomically distinct, yet not fully reproductively isolated. Taken together, these results demonstrate how asymmetric dispersal and oceanographic isolation can structure genetic diversity in marine organisms by creating peripheral demographic sinks like Bermuda, where limited and unidirectional connectivity promotes long-term differentiation—a pattern we describe as the “Bermuda Triangle effect”.eng
dc.description.abstractLa elevada diversidad genética en los sistemas marinos ha sido durante mucho tiempo un tema de interés para la ciencia, dado que las barreras geográficas en el océano suelen ser transitorias y presentan distintos grados de permeabilidad espacio-temporal, lo que restringe las oportunidades de aislamiento y diversificación. El tomtate (Haemulon aurolineatum, Haemulidae) constituye un modelo idóneo para examinar los patrones de conectividad y divergencia en el Atlántico occidental. Este pequeño ronco arrecifal se distribuye a lo largo de más de 18,000 km, desde el sur de Brasil hasta Bermudas, atravesando el Caribe y el golfo de México. Además, presenta una reducida duración del estadio larval pelágico (PLD) de aproximadamente 15 días (estimada a partir de su congénere cercano H. flavolineatum; McFarland, 1980; McFarland et al., 1985), rasgo asociado con una capacidad de dispersión limitada (Cowen et al., 2006). Cabe destacar que en la primera mitad del siglo XX Ginsburg (1948) reportó variación morfológica a lo largo del rango de distribución de la especie, reconociendo tres subespecies geográficamente diferenciadas: Bermudas, el sureste de Estados Unidos y golfo de México, y el Caribe y Sudamérica. Si bien esta subdivisión taxonómica no fue ampliamente aceptada, evidenció la existencia de diferenciación poblacional y morfológica regional en la especie. Investigaciones moleculares más recientes han identificado la existencia de linajes crípticos (Tavera et al., 2012, 2018), así como unidades evolutivas distintas entre las poblaciones de Brasil y otras del Atlántico (Motta-Neto et al., 2011), o entre poblaciones de 1) Bermudas, 2) Golfo de México y Estados Unidos, y 3) Belice, Brasil, Colombia, Jamaica y Venezuela (Cerqueria et al., 2021). La mayoría de estos estudios carecieron de muestras genuinas de Bermudas, y aunque Cerqueira et al. (2021) incluyeron ejemplares de Bermudas en sus análisis, la reevaluación de sus secuencias sugiere identificaciones erróneas (véase Tabla S3), por lo que permanecía sin resolverse si la población insular constituía una unidad genéticamente diferenciada o reflejaba un flujo génico continuo desde fuentes continentales o insulares. En conjunto, la amplia distribución geográfica de la especie, su PLD reducida y la evidencia previa de diferenciación genética y morfológica convierten al tomtate en un modelo idóneo para evaluar la conectividad a gran escala, identificar barreras de dispersión y reconstruir dinámicas metapoblacionales en el Atlántico occidental tropical. En este estudio se investiga la filogeografía y la historia demográfica de H. aurolineatum a lo largo de su rango de distribución, desde el sur de Brasil hasta Bermudas. Para ello se emplearon datos genómicos de alta resolución obtenidos mediante secuenciación ddRAD (double-digest RADseq; Peterson et al., 2012), a partir de genotipos de 188 individuos recolectados en 22 localidades que abarcan las principales provincias biogeográficas de la especie. Adicionalmente, se revaluó la variación morfológica en el rango de distribución —incluyendo una revisión crítica de las subespecies propuestas por Ginsburg (1948)— y se analizaron secuencias de ADN mitocondrial con el fin de reforzar la caracterización de la divergencia de linajes y la conectividad. Con estos enfoques complementarios se plantearon tres objetivos principales: (1) caracterizar la estructura poblacional, inferir relaciones filogenéticas y evaluar límites de especies/subespecies; (2) cuantificar patrones y direccionalidad del flujo génico, identificando potenciales barreras geográficas u oceanográficas a la conectividad; y (3) reconstruir la historia evolutiva y poblacional de la especie. Los análisis revelaron tres grupos genéticos principales: (1) Caribe y Atlántico suroccidental (CSA), (2) golfo de México (GOM) y (3) Bermudas (BDA), con evidencia de subestructura adicional dentro de CSA. En conjunto, los resultados muestran un sistema influenciado por flujo génico asimétrico y aislamiento regional: Brasil y el Caribe funcionan como poblaciones fuente; el golfo de México, especialmente el este de Florida, representa una zona de transición con mezcla genética; y Bermudas constituye un sumidero genético persistente mantenido por la dispersión larvaria hacia el norte desde CSA y GOM, con escaso o nulo flujo recíproco. Este patrón fuente–sumidero coincide con la dinámica de los sistemas de corrientes del Giro Subtropical del Atlántico Norte occidental, donde remolinos mesoescalares asociados a la Corriente del Golfo transportan larvas de forma episódica hacia la plataforma aislada de Bermudas, de acuerdo con lo documentado por modelos biofísicos y estudios de dispersión larvaria. A este patrón espacial de conectividad unidireccional y aislamiento periférico se le denominó “efecto Triángulo de las Bermudas”. Los modelos demográficos y de migración corroboran esta dinámica, mostrando una divergencia temprana con flujo génico entre CSA y el linaje ancestral GOM–BDA, seguida de un flujo sostenido pero asimétrico desde CSA y GOM hacia BDA, consistente con su papel de sumidero demográfico. Pese a la clara diferenciación genómica, los haplotipos mitocondriales permanecen ampliamente compartidos entre regiones, evidenciando una discordancia mitonuclear atribuible al flujo génico persistente. Más allá del aislamiento por distancia, diversas barreras oceanográficas bien documentadas —incluyendo las barreras del Caribe oriental y occidental, la de Yucatán y las del golfo de México o Bahamas— contribuyen a la estructuración genética. Contrariamente, las costas de Brasil y Guayana parecen facilitar el flujo génico hacia el norte, y no se observa al afluente del río Amazonas como una barrera geográfica. Si bien los métodos coalescentes de delimitación de especies respaldan el reconocimiento de tres especies, numerosos estudios recientes han demostrado que tales enfoques tienden a dividir excesivamente las poblaciones geográficamente estructuradas cuando el flujo génico persiste. En este contexto, estos resultados brindan mayor sustento a la hipótesis original de Ginsburg (1948): poblaciones geográficamente aisladas, morfológica y genómicamente diferenciadas, pero no completamente aisladas reproductivamente. En conjunto, estos hallazgos evidencian cómo la dispersión asimétrica y el aislamiento geográfico pueden estructurar la diversidad genética en organismos marinos mediante la formación de sumideros demográficos periféricos como Bermudas, donde la conectividad limitada y unidireccional favorece la diferenciación a largo plazo, un patrón que se denomina el “efecto Triángulo de las Bermudas” (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.degreelevelMaestría
dc.description.degreenameMagister en Ciencias – Biología
dc.description.researchareaBiología Marina
dc.format.extentXIX, 90 páginas
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89652
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Caribe
dc.publisher.departmentCentro de estudios en Ciencias del mar-CECIMARspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad Caribe
dc.publisher.placeSan Andres Isla
dc.publisher.programCaribe - Caribe - Maestría en Ciencias - Biología
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biología
dc.subject.proposalRADseqeng
dc.subject.proposalPhylogeographyeng
dc.subject.proposalSource sink dynamicseng
dc.subject.proposalPhylogeographic breakseng
dc.subject.proposalHaemulidaelat
dc.subject.proposalSpecies boundarieseng
dc.subject.proposalFilogeografíaspa
dc.subject.proposalDinámicas fuente-sumiderospa
dc.subject.proposalBarrera oceanográficaspa
dc.subject.proposalLímite de especiesspa
dc.subject.proposalRADseqspa
dc.titleCryptic reef fish lineages in the western Atlantic, an opportunity to glimpse geographical patterns of diversification: Haemulon aurolineatum as a case studyeng
dc.title.translatedLinajes crípticos de peces arrecifales en el Atlántico occidental: una oportunidad para vislumbrar patrones geográficos de especiación, caso Haemulon aurolineatumspa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadores
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
oaire.fundernameFSBI Small Research Grant (FSBI-RG24-201, Fisheries Society of the British Isles)
oaire.fundernameConvocatoria Nacional para el Apoyo a la Movilidad 2022- 2024 (UNC, Hermes code 13494)
oaire.fundernameConvocatoria No. 24 – 2024 CEMarin (Corporation Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences)
oaire.fundernameNational Science Foundation (NSF) grant DEB-2225130

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