Evaluación de la virulencia de un mutante de Mycobacterium tuberculosis defectivo en el transporte iónico mediado por una ATPasa tipo P, en modelos experimentales de infección

dc.contributor.advisorSoto Ospina, Carlos Yesidspa
dc.contributor.authorLópez Ruíz, Gina Marcelaspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupBioquímica y Biología Molecular de las Micobacteriasspa
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-12T22:12:00Z
dc.date.available2025-03-12T22:12:00Z
dc.date.issued2025-02-26
dc.descriptionilustraciones, diagramas, fotografíasspa
dc.description.abstractLa tuberculosis (TB) continúa siendo uno de los principales problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial. Actualmente, el control de la tuberculosis se ve dificultado por la prevalencia de comorbilidades, las deficiencias en el diagnóstico, la baja eficiencia de la vacuna BCG, y el surgimiento de cepas resistentes a los compuestos antituberculosos. Esto supone una necesidad constante de desarrollar nuevas estrategias de control, para lo que se requiere una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares involucrados en las interacciones huésped-patógeno. En efecto, comprender el papel que desempeñan los componentes estructurales y funcionales involucrados en la evasión del bacilo a las condiciones de estrés durante la infección tuberculosa es de gran utilidad para identificar dianas alternativas de atenuación y construir racionalmente nuevas vacunas antituberculosas. En este sentido, estudios previos han sugerido el papel de las ATPasas tipo P en la homeostasis iónica, la virulencia y como posibles blancos de atenuación de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Por lo anterior, el objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido evaluar la relevancia del transporte de cobre mediado por ATPasas tipo P, en la viabilidad y la virulencia de Mtb. Inicialmente, se evaluó el efecto de la deleción del gen que codifica la ATPasa tipo P1B, CtpA de Mtb (mutante MtbH37RaΔctpA) en la capacidad de respuesta del bacilo tuberculoso a condiciones de estrés in vitro, en comparación con la cepa silvestre y complementada. Se observó que, la disrupción de ctpA en el genoma de Mtb genera un fenotipo sensible frente agentes de estrés oxidativo (IC50 de H2O2 = 784 ± 41 μM) y nitrosativo (IC50 de NPS= 55.4 ± 1.6 μM), en comparación con la cepa tipo silvestre (IC50 de H2O2 = 1473 ± 9 μM; IC50 de NPS=142 ± 5 μM). Esta sensibilidad se ha relacionado con la incapacidad de la cepa mutante (MtbH37RaΔctpA) para evitar la acumulación intracelular de especies reactivas de oxígeno (ROS) y con la reducida capacidad de los lisados de las células completas del mutante para oxidar los sustratos orgánicos de la multicobre oxidasa de Mtb (MmcO): p-fenilendiamina (pPD) y 2,2-azino-bis (ácido 3-etilbenzotiazol-6-sulfónico) (ABTS). Sin embargo, ya que MtbH37RaΔctpA no mostró una alteración del crecimiento en respuesta a altas dosis de cobre en comparación con la cepa silvestre, y la deleción del gen ctpA en Mtb no indujo la acumulación de cobre en células sometidas a dosis tóxicas del metal. Los resultados sugieren fuertemente que CtpA no participa directamente en el mantenimiento de los niveles fisiológicos citoplasmáticos del cobre y que, en lugar de ello, el eflujo de cobre mediado por CtpA puede ser necesario para otras funciones, como la metalización y la actividad de cuproenzimas redox de Mtb, como MmcO. Por lo tanto, CtpA podría estar involucrada en la respuesta al estrés redox en Mtb. En segundo lugar, con el fin de establecer el potencial de ctpA como diana de atenuación de Mtb, se evaluó el efecto de la deleción de ctpA en la virulencia de MtbH37Rv utilizando un modelo de infección de macrófagos alveolares de la línea MH-S in vitro, y ratones BALB/c infectados en un modelo de TB pulmonar progresiva (in vivo). De manera interesante, se encontró que ctpA es requerido para la proliferación intracelular de Mtb en macrófagos alveolares infectados en presencia de cobre. Toda vez que, en ausencia de cobre no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la capacidad replicativa entre las cepas silvestre (MtbH37Rv), mutante (MtbH37RvΔctpA) y complementada (MtbH37RvΔctpA::ctpA) bal infectar macrófagos MH-S. Sin embargo, al suplementar con CuSO4 (50 µM), la tasa de proliferación intracelular de las cepas mutante, parental y complementada a los 6 días posinfeccion fue de 6.22 veces (5388.9 vs 33500 UFC/mL), 11.5 veces (20090.6 vs 231333 UFC/mL), y 8.09 veces (14373 vs. 116320 UFC/mL), respectivamente. Este hallazgo, combinado con la mayor expresión del gen que codifica para la subunidad catalítica de la NADPH oxidasa 2 (Nox2), mostrada por las células MH-S infectadas con la cepa mutante, y con la capacidad reducida para prevenir la generación de ROS en macrófagos infectados activados con 12-miristato 13-acetato de forbol (PMA), sugieren que la atenuación del mutante MtbH37RvΔctpA se debe probablemente a un efecto específico del cobre y a una posible interrupción de los mecanismos de respuesta al estrés redox generado durante la infección micobacteriana. Por su parte, al evaluar la infección en ratones BALB/c, se encontró que los ratones infectados con la cepa mutante (MtbH37RvΔctpA) mostraron un tiempo de supervivencia media mayor, y una carga bacteriana pulmonar significativamente menor que los animales infectados con la cepa parental. Esto sugiere que la atenuación de MtbH37RvΔctpA durante la fase aguda de la infección puede estar relacionada con defectos en los mecanismos de evasión del bacilo a la respuesta inmune innata del huésped. Por último, se evaluó de manera preliminar el posible uso de la deleción de ctpA en Mtb como blanco de atenuación en la construcción de un agente vacunal. Se encontró que la inmunización de ratones BALB/c con la cepa mutante (MtbH37RvΔctpA) protegió a los animales de la proliferación de las cepas de Mtb virulenta (MtbH37Rv) e híper-virulenta (Mtb900586) en los pulmones, a niveles similares a los mostrados por la vacunación con BCG. Resultado que ha aumenta nuestro interés en generar una segunda mutación no relacionada sobre esta cepa, con el fin de construir una cepap viva atenuada con potencial vacunal que genere una mayor protección que BCG. En conjunto, nuestros resultados sugieren que ctpA podría ser relevante para la virulencia de Mtb y ser un componente clave en los mecanismos de evasión del bacilo en respuesta al estrés redox generado por las células fagocíticas durante la progresión de la infección tuberculosa. Razón por la cual, su deleción podría favorecer la reactivación de diversas funciones efectoras adicionales en macrófagos, que contribuyen en la generación de respuestas inmunes protectoras superiores en el huésped. Por lo anterior, en línea con las nuevas estrategias de diseño de vacunas anti-TB, nuestros hallazgos sugieren el uso de ctpA como blanco de atenuación en el desarrollo de cepas atenuadas de Mtb con potencial vacunal. (Texto tomado de la fuente).spa
dc.description.abstractDespite ongoing efforts, tuberculosis (TB) continues to represent a significant public health concern. This is largely attributable to the high incidence of co-morbidities, deficiencies in diagnostic methodologies, the relatively low efficacy of the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Collectively, these factors present significant challenges to our ability to control this disease. The current necessity for developing new strategies for TB control requires a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions. In this context, the identification of alternative targets of Mtb viability and virulence is pivotal for the development of new live anti-TB vaccines. Previous studies have suggested the relevance of P-type ATPases in mycobacterial homeostasis and virulence, and thus have recognized them as potential tubercle bacillus attenuation targets. The objective of the present study was to assess the significance of copper transport facilitated by P-type ATPases in the viability and virulence of Mtb. Initially, the effect of the deletion of the gene encoding the P1B-type ATPase, ctpA of MtbH37Ra (MtbΔctpA) on the responsiveness of the tubercle to stress conditions in vitro was evaluated. The mutant strain exhibited greater sensitivity to oxidative stress agents, with an H2O2 IC50 value of 784 ± 41 μM, compared to the wild-type strain, which had an H2O2 IC50 value of 1473 ± 9 μM. Similarly, the mutant strain was found to be more sensitive to nitrosative stress agents, with a lower SNP IC50 value of 55.4 ± 1.6 μM, in comparison to the wild-type strain, which had an SNP IC50 value of 142 ± 5 μM. This sensitivity has been linked to the inability of the mutant strain (MtbΔctpA) to prevent intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the diminished activity of ctpA-deficient Mtb whole cell lysates in oxidizing organic substrates of MmcO, including p-phenylenediamine (pPD) and 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazol-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). However, MtbΔctpA did not show growth impairment in response to high doses of copper compared to the wild type strain. Indeed, disruption of the ctpA gene in Mtb did not induce copper accumulation in cells under toxic doses of the metal. The results strongly suggest that CtpA is not directly involved in maintaining physiological cytoplasmic copper levels. Instead, CtpA-mediated copper efflux may play a relevant role for the response to redox stress and may be required for the metalation and activity of cuproenzymes redox as MmcO in Mtb. Secondly, in order to ascertain the potential of ctpA as a target for Mtb attenuation, the effect of ctpA deletion on MtbH37Rv virulence was assessed using an alveolar macrophage infection model of the MH-S line (in vitro) and BALB/c mice infected in a progressive pulmonary TB model (in vivo). It was observed that ctpA is necessary for the intracellular proliferation of Mtb in infected alveolar macrophages when copper is present. In the absence of copper, no significant differences in replicative capacity were observed between the wild-type (MtbH37Rv) and mutant (MtbH37RvΔctpA) strains when infecting MH-S macrophages. However, upon supplementation with CuSO₄ (50 µM), the intracellular replication rate of the mutant, parental and complemented strains at 6 days post-infection was 6.22-fold (5388.9 vs 33500 CFU/mL), 11.5-fold (20090.6 vs 231333 CFU/mL), and 8.09-fold (14373 vs. 116320 CFU/mL), respectively. This finding, when considered alongside the increased expression of the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2) observed in MH-S cells infected with the mutant strain, and the reduced capacity to prevent ROS generation in infected macrophages activated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) indicates that the attenuation of the MtbH37RvΔctpA mutant is likely due to a copper-specific effect and a potential disruption of the redox stress response mechanisms that are generated during mycobacterial infection. Infection of BALB/c mice with the mutant strain (MtbH37RvΔctpA) resulted in a longer median survival time and a significantly lower lung bacterial load compared to mice infected with the parental strain. These findings suggest that attenuation of MtbH37RvΔctpA during the acute phase of infection may be related to defects in the mechanisms of bacillus evasion of the host innate immune response. At last, we conducted a preliminary assessment of the potential utility of ctpA deletion in Mtb as an attenuation target in the development of a vaccine agent. The immunization of BALB/c mice with the mutant strain (MtbH37RvΔctpA) was observed to provide protection for the animals from the proliferation of virulent (MtbH37Rv) and hypervirulent (Mtb900586) Mtb strains in the lungs at levels comparable to those demonstrated by BCG vaccination. This result has prompted our investigation into generating a second unrelated mutation in this strain, with the objective of constructing a live attenuated strain that possesses vaccine potential and generates greater protection than BCG. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that CtpA may play a significant role in the virulence of Mtb and could be a crucial element in the bacillus's evasion mechanisms in response to the redox stress triggered by phagocytic cells during the course of TB infection. Therefore, its deletion may facilitate the reactivation of additional effector functions in macrophages, thereby contributing to the generation of more robust protective immune responses in the host. Consequently, our findings support the incorporation of ctpA as an attenuation target in the development of attenuated Mtb strains with vaccine potential, aligning with contemporary anti-TB vaccine design strategies.eng
dc.description.degreelevelDoctoradospa
dc.description.degreenameDoctor en Ciencias - Bioquímicaspa
dc.description.researchareaHospedero-Patógenospa
dc.format.extentxx, 154 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/87645
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Cienciasspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Doctorado en Ciencias - Bioquímicaspa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biología::572 - Bioquímicaspa
dc.subject.decsProteínas de Transporte de Membranaspa
dc.subject.decsMembrane Transport Proteinseng
dc.subject.decsMycobacterium tuberculosis/efectos de los fármacosspa
dc.subject.decsMycobacterium tuberculosis/drug effectseng
dc.subject.decsVirulenciaspa
dc.subject.decsVirulenceeng
dc.subject.proposalMycobacterium tuberculosislat
dc.subject.proposalVacunas de cepas vivas atenuadasspa
dc.subject.proposalATPasas tipo P1Bspa
dc.subject.proposalCtpAspa
dc.subject.proposalEstrés redoxspa
dc.subject.proposalMutantes atenuados de Mtbspa
dc.subject.proposalMecanismos de evasión inmune de Mtbspa
dc.subject.proposalLive attenuated whole-cell Mtb vaccineeng
dc.subject.proposalRedox stresseng
dc.subject.proposalP1B-type ATPaseeng
dc.subject.proposalImmune evasioneng
dc.titleEvaluación de la virulencia de un mutante de Mycobacterium tuberculosis defectivo en el transporte iónico mediado por una ATPasa tipo P, en modelos experimentales de infecciónspa
dc.title.translatedVirulence assessment of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutant defective in P-type ATPase-mediated ion transport in experimental models of infectioneng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctoradospa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06spa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadoresspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa
oaire.fundernameDirección Nacional de Investigación y Laboratorios de la Vicerrectoría de Investigaciónspa
oaire.fundernameDivisión de Investigación de Bogotá-DIBspa

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