Characterization of organic pollutants in seston, sediment, and mangrove of the Colombian Caribbean

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dc.contributor.advisorMonroy López, Mario Armando
dc.contributor.advisorMancera-Rodríguez, Néstor Javier
dc.contributor.authorGarcía Meléndez, Laura Daniela
dc.contributor.cvlacGarcía Meléndez, Laura Daniela [0002034832]
dc.contributor.orcidGarcía Meléndez, Laura Daniela [0009000519252157]
dc.contributor.orcidMonroy, Mario [0000000287395687]
dc.contributor.researchgroupEcología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre
dc.date.accessioned2026-01-19T21:48:38Z
dc.date.available2026-01-19T21:48:38Z
dc.date.issued2025-08-04
dc.descriptionIlustraciones
dc.description.abstractEl aumento de la intervención antropogénica en los ecosistemas naturales ha provocado la degradación de numerosos ambientes acuáticos, costeros y marinos. Una de las preocupaciones más urgentes es la liberación de contaminantes orgánicos (OPs), los cuales representan una amenaza significativa para la salud ambiental y humana debido a su persistencia, capacidad de bioacumulación y toxicidad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar las concentraciones de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) y bifenilos policlorados (BPC), analizar su relación con variables fisicoquímicas durante las estaciones lluviosa y seca, y evaluar el riesgo de contaminación en dos sectores costeros del Caribe colombiano influenciados por los ríos Sinú y Magdalena. El Capítulo uno se centró en el análisis de las concentraciones de HAP en seston y sedimentos. Las muestras fueron recolectadas en noviembre de 2021 (temporada de lluvias) y abril de 2022 (temporada seca), y analizadas mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los resultados mostraron concentraciones elevadas de HAP en el seston durante la temporada de lluvias, especialmente en la Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), con valores que alcanzaron los 4428.7 ng g⁻¹, y en cinco sitios de la región del Sinú, con un promedio de 2641.3 ± 861.6 ng g⁻¹ (rango: 1421.4 a 3735.1 ng g⁻¹). En contraste, las muestras de sedimento del sector del Sinú registraron mayores niveles de HAP durante la temporada seca, con un promedio de 2870.5 ± 3218.3 ng g⁻¹ (rango: 886.4 a 8557.8 ng g⁻¹). Las principales variables que influyeron en la presencia de compuestos de alto peso molecular (HAP-APM) fueron la salinidad, la materia orgánica y el contenido de limo. Aunque las concentraciones de HAP se mantuvieron por debajo de los límites regulatorios establecidos por la EPA de EE. UU., los índices de calidad de sedimento (M-ERM-Q y M-PEL-Q) indicaron niveles de contaminación de moderados a muy altos, sugiriendo posibles riesgos ecológicos. El Capítulo Dos examinó las concentraciones de HAP y BPC en los tejidos radiculares de R. mangle, con muestras recolectadas en septiembre de 2022 (temporada de lluvias) y abril de 2023 (temporada seca) en dos zonas estuarinas: CGSM y la Ciénaga de Cispatá (CIS), con tres puntos de muestreo por sitio. Las raíces fueron analizadas mediante GC-MS. Los niveles de HAP en raíces de mangle fueron más altos en CIS durante la temporada de lluvias, con un promedio de 180.5 ± 21.4 ng g⁻¹ (rango: 156.8 a 198.5 ng g⁻¹), mientras que las concentraciones de PCB fueron más altas en CGSM durante la temporada seca, con un promedio de 10.7 ± 11.6 ng g⁻¹ (rango: 9 a 23 ng g⁻¹). Se encontró una correlación positiva significativa entre el contenido de limo y los HAP totales en raíces durante la temporada de lluvias. Por otro lado, se observaron correlaciones negativas significativas entre los PCB totales con el pH y el sedimento fino durante la temporada de lluvias, y con el sedimento grueso en la temporada seca. El Factor de Acumulación Biota-Sedimento (BSAF) identificó ciertos sitios como puntos críticos de microacumulación. Además, la presencia de mangles albinos en Cispatá podría estar asociada a estrés mutagénico derivado de la contaminación crónica. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad urgente de mitigar la contaminación por compuestos orgánicos y de estandarizar protocolos de monitoreo a largo plazo que permitan preservar la biodiversidad estuarina y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria en la región. Fortalecer la gestión ambiental en estos ecosistemas vulnerables es esencial para prevenir una mayor degradación ecológica y asegurar la sostenibilidad de las comunidades locales.spa
dc.description.abstractIncreasing anthropogenic intervention in natural ecosystems has resulted in the degradation of numerous aquatics, coastal, and marine environments. Among the most pressing concerns is the release of organic pollutants (OPs), which pose significant threats to both environmental and human health due to their persistence, bioaccumulative nature, and toxicity. This study aimed to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), examine their relationship with physicochemical variables during the rainy and dry seasons, and assess the associated contamination risk in two coastal sectors of the Colombian Caribbean influenced by the Sinú and Magdalena rivers. Chapter One focused on the analysis of PAH concentrations in seston and sediments. Samples were collected in November 2021 (rainy season) and April 2022 (dry season) and analyzed using gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed elevated PAH concentrations in seston during the rainy season in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM) with values reaching 4428.7 ng g⁻¹, and across five sites in the Sinú region, where concentrations averaged 2641.3 ± 861.6 ng g⁻¹ (range: 1421.4 to 3735.1 ng g⁻¹). In contrast, sediment samples from the Sinú sector recorded higher PAH levels during the dry season, with a mean of 2870.5 ± 3218.3 ng g⁻¹ (range: 886.4 to 8557.8 ng g⁻¹). Key variables influencing the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs included salinity, organic matter, and silt content. While PAH concentrations remained below U.S. EPA regulatory limits, sediment quality indices (M-ERM-Q and M-PEL-Q) indicated moderate to very high contamination levels, suggesting a potential ecological risk. Chapter Two examined PAH and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) concentrations in the root of Rhizophora mangle, with samples collected in September 2022 (rainy season) and April 2023 (dry season), from two estuarine areas: the CGSM and the Cispatá Bay (CIS), with three sampling points per site. Root samples of R. mangle were analyzed using GC-MS. PAH levels in mangrove roots were highest in CIS during the rainy season, averaging 180.5 ± 21.4 ng g⁻¹ (range: 156.8 to 198.5 ng g⁻¹), while PCB concentrations were highest in CGSM during the dry season with an average of 10.7 + 11.6 ng g⁻¹ (range: 9 to 23 ng g⁻¹). A significant positive correlation was found between silt content and total PAHs in roots during the rainy season. Conversely, significant negative correlations were observed between total PCBs and both pH and fine sediment in the rainy season, and between total PCBs and coarse sediment during the dry season. The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) highlighted specific sites as micro-accumulation hotspots. Furthermore, the presence of albino mangroves in Cispatá indicate potential mutagenic stress associated with chronic contamination. These findings underscore the urgent need to mitigate organic pollution and standardize long-term monitoring protocols to preserve estuarine biodiversity and safeguard food security in the region. Strengthening environmental management efforts in these vulnerable ecosystems is essential to prevent further ecological degradation and ensure the sustainability of local communities. (Tomado de la fuente)eng
dc.description.curricularareaBosques Y Conservación Ambiental.Sede Medellín
dc.description.degreelevelMaestría
dc.description.degreenameMagíster en Bosques y Conservación Ambiental
dc.description.researchareaEcología costera y estuarina
dc.description.researchareaImpacto antropogénico en sistemas costeros
dc.description.researchareaEcotoxicología
dc.format.extent1 recurso en línea (119 páginas)
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89252
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias
dc.publisher.placeMedellín, Colombia
dc.publisher.programMedellín - Ciencias Agrarias - Maestría en Bosques y Conservación Ambiental
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biología::577 - Ecología
dc.subject.ddc540 - Química y ciencias afines::547 - Química orgánica
dc.subject.lembContaminates orgánicos
dc.subject.lembBioacumulación
dc.subject.proposalBbioaccumulationeng
dc.subject.proposalPolychlorinated biphenylseng
dc.subject.proposalPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonseng
dc.subject.proposalCarcinogenic compoundseng
dc.subject.proposalCoastal ecosystemseng
dc.subject.proposalRio Magdalenaspa
dc.subject.proposalBioacumulaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalBifenilos policloradosspa
dc.subject.proposalHidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicosspa
dc.subject.proposalCompuestos carcinogénicosspa
dc.subject.proposalEcosistemas costerosspa
dc.subject.wikidataHidrocarburo aromático policíclico
dc.titleCharacterization of organic pollutants in seston, sediment, and mangrove of the Colombian Caribbeaneng
dc.title.translatedCaracterización de contaminantes orgánicos en seston, sedimento y manglar del Caribe colombianospa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadores
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantes
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestros
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
oaire.awardtitleNiveles de contaminación por metales pesados (Hg, Cd, Ni, Zn, Pb, Se, Al, As y Cu). PCB (bifenilos policlorados) y HAP (hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos) en ambientes marinos y costeros del Caribe colombiano
oaire.awardtitleCaracterización de la contaminación por bifenilos policlorados (PCB’s) e hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAH’s) en seston y sedimentos del Caribe colombiano
oaire.fundernameMinisterio de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación
oaire.fundernameFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias sede Medellín

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