Análisis de los microbiomas bacterianos presentes en hojas y hojarasca de cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) establecidos en suelos con cadmio natural en el municipio de Yacopí, Cundinamarca

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dc.contributor.advisorTorres Rojas, Esperanzaspa
dc.contributor.advisorBarreto Hernández, Emilianospa
dc.contributor.authorTorres Parra, Sebastiánspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupAgrobiodiversidad y Biotecnologíaspa
dc.coverage.countryColombiaspa
dc.coverage.regionCundinamaracaspa
dc.coverage.regionYacopíspa
dc.coverage.tgnhttp://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/1000583
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-05T20:59:09Z
dc.date.available2025-11-05T20:59:09Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionilustraciones, diagramas, fotografíasspa
dc.description.abstractLos cultivos de cacao pueden verse afectados por su capacidad para acumular metales pesados tóxicos como el cadmio (Cd), presente de forma natural en los suelos. El microbioma bacteriano se ha caracterizado por su utilidad simbiótica para la planta y su capacidad para tolerar e inmovilizar Cd (CdtB), por lo que son de importancia para la biorremediación de Cd; sin embargo, su estructura en componentes clave de la filósfera del cacao, como las hojas y la hojarasca, sigue siendo poco conocida. Por ello, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la diversidad taxonómica del microbioma bacteriano presente en la hoja y hojarasca de cultivos de cacao establecidos en suelos con Cd natural, en el municipio de Yacopí, Cundinamarca. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se cuantificaron los niveles de Cd y otros nutrientes, y se recolectaron muestras de ADN de tres fincas con distintos niveles de Cd en el suelo (F1 > 5 mg kg⁻¹; F2 y F3 < 2 mg kg⁻¹), seguido de un análisis metataxonómico del microbioma bacteriano epífito y total a partir de la región V4 del gen 16S y un análisis bioinformático para determinar la estructura y composición de la comunidad mediante QIIME2 y los paquetes phyloseq y microeco de R. Los resultados revelaron una tendencia a menor diversidad alfa de las comunidades en la finca F1 con respecto a F2 y F3. La diversidad beta también evidenció una agrupación importante entre los grupos de hoja y hojarasca (p < 0.001), así como del microbioma total y epífito de la hojarasca (p = 0.013). Se identificaron como filos dominantes a Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria y Myxococcota. Además, se observó un efecto de autocorrelación entre el Cd y nutrientes como el calcio y el hierro (p < 0.05), que podrían influir en la estructura del microbioma junto con el Cd. Géneros como Verrucomicrobium, Gordonia y Arenimonas fueron significativamente enriquecidos a mayores concentraciones de Cd (p < 0.05) y rutas metabólicas como la biosíntesis de poliaminas, diterpenos y ácidos grasos se detectaron en mayor proporción en ambientes de alta contaminación por Cd. Estos hallazgos aportan indicios clave para comprender los mecanismos de tolerancia bacteriana al Cd en la filósfera del cacao, y podrían orientar el diseño de estrategias de manejo más eficientes y sostenibles. (Texto tomado de la fuente).spa
dc.description.abstractCacao crops can be affected by their ability to accumulate toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), which occurs naturally in soils. The bacterial microbiome has been characterized by its symbiotic utility to the plant and its ability to tolerate and immobilize Cd (CdtB), which makes it important for Cd bioremediation; however, its structure in key components of the cacao phyllosphere, such as leaves and litter, remains poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the taxonomic diversity of the bacterial microbiome present in the leaf and litter of cacao crops grown in soils with naturally occurring Cd, in the municipality of Yacopí, Cundinamarca. To achieve this, Cd and other nutrients were quantified, and DNA samples were collected from three farms with different soil Cd levels (F1 > 5 mg kg⁻¹; F2 and F3 < 2 mg kg⁻¹), followed by a metataxonomic analysis of the epiphytic and total bacterial microbiome based on the V4 region of the 16S gene and a bioinformatic analysis to determine the structure and composition of the community using QIIME2 and the R packages phyloseq and microeco. The results revealed a trend toward lower alpha diversity in the microbial communities of farm F1 compared to F2 and F3. Beta diversity also showed a significant clustering between leaf and litter groups (p < 0.001), as well as between the total and epiphytic microbiome of the litter (p = 0.013). Dominant phyla included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Myxococcota. An autocorrelation effect was observed between Cd and nutrients such as calcium and iron (p < 0.05), which may influence the microbiome structure alongside Cd. Genera such as Verrucomicrobium, Gordonia, and Arenimonas were significantly enriched at higher Cd concentrations (p < 0.05), and metabolic pathways such as polyamine, diterpene, and fatty acid biosynthesis were detected at higher proportions in Cd-contaminated environments. These findings provide key insights into the bacterial tolerance mechanisms to Cd in the cacao phyllosphere and could guide the development of more efficient and sustainable management strategies.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagíster en Ciencias - Biologíaspa
dc.description.methodsSe cuantificaron los niveles de Cd y otros nutrientes, y se recolectaron muestras de ADN de tres fincas con distintos niveles de Cd en el suelo (F1 > 5 mg kg⁻¹; F2 y F3 < 2 mg kg⁻¹), seguido de un análisis metataxonómico del microbioma bacteriano epífito y total a partir de la región V4 del gen 16S y un análisis bioinformático para determinar la estructura y composición de la comunidad mediante QIIME2 y los paquetes phyloseq y microeco de R. Así como un análisis de predicción funcional con PiCRUST2.spa
dc.format.extentxviii, 120 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89108
dc.language.isospa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Cienciasspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Biologíaspa
dc.relation.indexedAgrosaviaspa
dc.relation.indexedAgrovocspa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseReconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subject.agrovocMicrobiomaspa
dc.subject.agrovocmicrobiomeseng
dc.subject.agrovocMateria orgánica del suelospa
dc.subject.agrovocsoil organic mattereng
dc.subject.agrovocTheobroma cacaospa
dc.subject.agrovocTheobroma cacaoeng
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biología::579 - Historia natural microorganismos, hongos, algasspa
dc.subject.ddc630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::633 - Cultivos de campo y de plantaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalTheobroma cacaospa
dc.subject.proposalCadmiospa
dc.subject.proposalHojaspa
dc.subject.proposalHojarascaspa
dc.subject.proposalEpífitosspa
dc.subject.proposalFilósferaspa
dc.subject.proposalBacteriasspa
dc.subject.proposalMetataxonómicaspa
dc.subject.proposalCadmiumeng
dc.subject.proposalLeafeng
dc.subject.proposalLittereng
dc.subject.proposalEpiphyteseng
dc.subject.proposalPhyllosphereeng
dc.subject.proposalBacteriaeng
dc.subject.proposalMetataxonomiceng
dc.titleAnálisis de los microbiomas bacterianos presentes en hojas y hojarasca de cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) establecidos en suelos con cadmio natural en el municipio de Yacopí, Cundinamarcaspa
dc.title.translatedAnalysis of the bacterial microbiomes present in leaves and leaf litter of cocoa crops (Theobroma cacao L.) established in soils with natural cadmium in the municipality of Yacopí, Cundinamarcaeng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantesspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadoresspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestrosspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentReceptores de fondos federales y solicitantesspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
oaire.fundernameDivisión de Investigación - Sede Bogotá (DIEB)spa

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