Bird diversity in the urban system of Medellín (Colombia) and its surrounding non-urban landscape
| dc.contributor.advisor | Mancera Rodríguez, Nestor Javier | |
| dc.contributor.advisor | MacGregor Fors, Ian | |
| dc.contributor.author | Garizábal Carmona, Jaime Andrés | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Garizábal-Carmona, Jaime A. [0000000201772729] | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Mancera-Rodríguez, Nestor Jarvier [0000000273259588} | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | MacGregor-Fors, Ian [0000000331987322] | |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup | Ecología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestre | |
| dc.contributor.scopus | Garizábal-Carmona, Jaime A. [57225197443] | |
| dc.coverage.city | Medellín, Colombia | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2025-10-31T19:38:10Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2025-10-31T19:38:10Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025-10-25 | |
| dc.description | Ilustraciones | |
| dc.description.abstract | Cities are highly complex, dynamic, and heterogeneous human-dominated systems that act as environmental filters for species assemblages at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Over the past decades, knowledge of ecological patterns across urbanized landscapes has significantly increased, including in Neotropical cities. However, urban contexts where environmental filtering operates under both high urbanization densities and high biodiversity remain poorly understood, particularly those dominated by native species. This thesis assessed how urbanization and the internal heterogeneity of Medellín (Colombia) shape bird diversity compared to other dominant systems in the surrounding landscape, using a city-wide sampling strategy and a space-for-time substitution approach. In Chapter One, bird species richness, abundance, composition and structure were compared between urban and non-urban systems (20 sites per system, 160 in total). Results suggest that birds inhabiting open areas (which also occur in non-urban sites) experience broad environmental filtering until a threshold at 76–100 % urbanization (based on the percentage of build cover at 50 m buffers), while forest-dependent species (primarily from non-urban sites) undergo narrower filtering at the urban fringe (urban limits). Chapters Two and Three analyzed drivers of bird diversity (species richness and abundance) within urban systems (212 sites), from taxonomic and functional perspectives, respectively. These chapters assessed the influence of urban infrastructure (e.g., built cover, buildings, cables), human-related hazards (e.g., noise, motorized vehicles, pedestrians), and vegetation-related factors (e.g., green cover, vertical vegetation layers, vegetation management). From the taxonomic perspective (Chapter Two), species abundance based-groups revealed that highly abundant species showed mostly positive relationships with human-related factors, but only at the abundance level. In contrast, moderately and lowly abundant species exhibited predominantly negative relationships with human-related factors at both richness and abundance levels, while showing positively association to vegetation-related factors (except vegetation management). From the functional perspective (Chapter Three), species richness and abundance declined in more urbanized areas across diet- and foraging strata-based groups. Even highly generalist species (i.e., omnivorous birds and those foraging across multiple strata) showed predominantly negative associations with human-related factors. Conversely, most diet and foraging strata categories were positively related to greater vegetation availability (green cover) and structural heterogeneity (number of vegetation layers). Overall, these results indicate that urbanization in Medellín imposes strong environmental filtering on most bird species, regardless of their geographical origin or ecological traits related to diet and foraging strata. Therefore, if mitigating urban biodiversity loss in highly dense Neotropical cities like Medellín is intended, urban planning and vegetation management should focus on reducing human-related constraints in areas with intermediate to low urbanization while safeguarding forest remnants and adjacent non-urban areas. | eng |
| dc.description.abstract | Las ciudades son sistemas dominados por el ser humano que representan filtros ambientales para los ensamblajes de especies a múltiples escalas espaciotemporales. Durante las últimas décadas, el conocimiento sobre patrones ecológicos en paisajes urbanizados ha crecido substancialmente, incluyendo ciudades Neotropicales. Sin embargo, contextos urbanos donde el filtro ambiental opera bajo altas densidades de urbanización y alta biodiversidad permanecen pocos entendidos, particularmente los dominados por especies nativas. Esta tesis aborda cómo la urbanización y la heterogeneidad interna de Medellín (Colombia) moldea la diversidad de aves comparativamente con otros sistemas dominantes del paisaje circundante, usando una estrategia de muestreo city-wide y un acercamiento space-for-time substitution. En el Capitulo Uno, la riqueza de especies de aves, abundancia, composición y estructura fue comparada entre sistemas urbanos y no urbanos (20 sitios por sistema, 160 en total). Los resultados sugieren que las aves que habitan áreas abiertas (las cuales también se encuentran en sitios no urbanos) experimentan un filtro ambiental grueso hasta un umbral a 76–100 % de nivel de urbanización (basado en el porcentaje de construcciones a 50 m de buffer), mientras las especies dependientes de bosques (primariamente de sitios no urbanos) sufren un mayor filtro en el borde urbano. Los Capítulos Dos y Tres analizaron los impulsores de diversidad de aves (riqueza de especies y abundancia) dentro de sistemas urbanos (212 sitios), desde una perspectiva taxonómica y funcional, respectivamente. Estos capítulos abordaron el rol de la infraestructura urbana (e.g., cobertura construida, edificaciones, cables), riesgos relacionados con humanos (e.g., ruido, vehículos X Bird diversity in the urban system of Medellín (Colombia) and its surrounding nonurban landscape motorizados, peatones), y factores relacionados con la vegetación (cobertura verde, número de capas de vegetación, manejo de la vegetación), así como factores a escala paisaje (i.e., distancia al borde urbano, número de parches y índice de parche más grande de cobertura verde). Desde la perspectiva taxonómica (Capitulo Dos), los grupos de especies basados en abundancia revelaron que las especies altamente abundantes mostraron principalmente relaciones positivas con factores relacionados con las actividades humanas (i.e., peatones, vehículos motorizados), pero solo a nivel de abundancia. En contraste, las especies moderada y escasamente abundantes mostraron predominantemente asociaciones negativas con factores relacionados con el ser humano a ambos niveles (riqueza y abundancia, incluyendo actividades humanas e infraestructura urbana), mostrando asociación positiva con factores relacionados con la vegetación (excepto manejo de la vegetación para las escasamente abundantes). Desde la perspectiva funcional (Capitulo Tres), la riqueza de especies y abundancia disminuyeron en zonas más urbanizadas incluyendo todos los grupos de dietas y estratos de forrajeo. Incluso las especies generalistas (i.e., omnívoros y especies que forrajean en múltiples estratos), mostraron predominantemente asociaciones negativas con factores relacionados con el ser humano. Por el contrario, la mayor parte de los grupos de dieta y estrato de forrajeo estuvieron positivamente relacionados con mayor disponibilidad de vegetación (cobertura verde) y heterogeneidad estructural (número de capas de vegetación). En general, estos resultados indican que la urbanización en Medellín representa un filtrado ambiental fuerte para la mayor parte de las especies, sin importar su origen biogeográfico o rasgos ecológicos relacionados con la dieta y los estratos de forrajeo. Por ello, si se pretende mitigar la pérdida de biodiversidad en las ciudades Neotropicales altamente urbanizadas como Medellín, la planeación urbana y el manejo de la vegetación deberá enfocarse en reducir las limitaciones relacionadas con el ser humano en áreas con niveles intermedios a bajos de urbanización, mientras se salvaguardan los remanentes de bosque nativo en las áreas no urbanas adyacentes. (Texto tomado de la fuente) | spa |
| dc.description.curriculararea | Bosques Y Conservación Ambiental.Sede Medellín | |
| dc.description.degreelevel | Doctorado | |
| dc.description.degreename | Doctorado en Ecología | |
| dc.description.methods | This research was conducted in Medellín, Colombia (6º15′ N, 75º34′ W; ca. 1,450–2,200 m a.s.l.), encompassing the city and its surrounding municipalities within the Tropical Andes. Medellín represents a densely populated urban system (~4 million inhabitants; ~21,000 people/km²) embedded in a heterogeneous landscape dominated by built infrastructure, surrounded by remnant native forests, exotic-tree plantations, and open areas (pastures and croplands). Urban greenspaces are mainly distributed along waterways and parks, with vegetation predominantly composed of exotic species managed under silvicultural regimes. I implemented an integrative, multi-scale sampling design combining stratified and systematic approaches to cover both non-urban and urban systems. In non-urban environments, 80 sampling points were evenly distributed across four representative systems—well-preserved native forest, secondary forest, exotic-tree plantations, and open areas—ensuring spatial independence (≥200 m apart). In urban areas, I established 212 sampling points across a 1×1 km grid covering the entire city, complemented with additional points in large greenspaces (>10 ha) to account for their ecological relevance. Based on a 50 m buffer around each point, sites were classified into four urbanization levels (0–25%, 26–50%, 51–75%, and 76–100% built cover) using 10 m Sentinel-2 imagery processed in Google Earth Engine. Bird surveys were conducted between June and August 2023, encompassing the breeding season of resident species. The same experienced observer conducted two consecutive 5-minute point counts (50 m radius) per site within the first five hours after sunrise and under favorable weather conditions. All birds detected visually or aurally and actively using the surveyed area were recorded, excluding overflying individuals. Environmental variables potentially driving bird diversity were quantified within the same 50 m radius. Nine predictors were grouped into three categories: (i) urban infrastructure—built cover, number of buildings, and number of overhead cables; (ii) human-related factors—pedestrian and vehicle numbers, and noise intensity (measured with a digital sound level meter); and (iii) vegetation-related features—green cover, vegetation layer complexity (0–3), and vegetation management intensity (0–3). In Chapter 1, I analyzed bird species richness, abundance, and composition across the urbanization gradient. Species richness per point was estimated through rarefaction and extrapolation procedures (1,000 bootstrap replications), while taxonomic dissimilarity between systems was calculated using Jaccard and Bray–Curtis indices. I applied hierarchical clustering, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), and Measurement of Biodiversity (MoB) analyses to assess taxonomic and functional patterns. Chapters 2 and 3 focused on the responses of bird groups defined by abundance, diet, and foraging strata. In Chapter 2, species were categorized into highly-, moderately-, and lowly-abundant groups. In Chapter 3, species were categorized by diet and foraging strata based on Elton Traits. For both, I used a multi-model inferential framework to identify the most influential environmental predictors. To account for non-linear relationships, I used Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) with Poisson, quasi-Poisson, or negative binomial errors depending on dispersion. Competing models were compared using the corrected Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICc), retaining those with ΔAICc ≤ 2. Final models included predictors consistently selected among top-performing models and served as the basis for ecological interpretation. | |
| dc.description.notes | I kindly request that this document remains as confidential as possible. Chapters One and Two are already under review in scientific journals, and Chapter Three is expected to be submitted soon. Thus, looking ahead, I recommend citing my thesis outcomes directly from the published manuscripts (when they are published), except when referencing information unique to this document | eng |
| dc.description.researcharea | Ecología urbana | |
| dc.description.sponsorship | My doctoral research was possible thank to the economic aid of the “fund for strengthen the academic training through supporting research, artistic creation, or innovation projects at the National University of Colombia 2022-2024” (scholarship ID: 57625), and the Doctoral scholarships for university teachers in Colombia (scholarship ID: 9092) granted by the National Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation. In addition, I received economical support from the small grants of Corporación Merceditas, the mobility program of the National University of Colombia 2022-2024 (scholarship ID: 1229), the economic support given by the Curricular Area of Forests and Environmental Conservation of the same university (scholarship ID: 0762), and the small grant awarded by Lahden Yliopistokampus and University of Helsinki in Finland (scholarship ID: 75711221). | |
| dc.format.extent | 1 recurso en línea (139 páginas) | |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
| dc.identifier.instname | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.reponame | Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.repourl | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ | spa |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89094 | |
| dc.language.iso | eng | |
| dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
| dc.publisher.branch | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín | |
| dc.publisher.faculty | Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias | |
| dc.publisher.place | Medellín, Colombia | |
| dc.publisher.program | Medellín - Ciencias Agrarias - Doctorado en Ecología | |
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| dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
| dc.rights.license | Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional | |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ | |
| dc.subject.ddc | 570 - Biología::577 - Ecología | |
| dc.subject.lemb | Ecología urbana | |
| dc.subject.lemb | Sociología urbana | |
| dc.subject.proposal | Biodiversity drivers | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Evironmental filtering | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Tropical Andes | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Urban ecology | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Urbanization | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Ecología urbana | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Andes Tropicales | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Filtro ambiental | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Impulsores de biodiversidad | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Urbanización | spa |
| dc.title | Bird diversity in the urban system of Medellín (Colombia) and its surrounding non-urban landscape | eng |
| dc.title.translated | Diversidad de aves en el sistema urbano de Medellín (Colombia) y su paisaje circundante | spa |
| dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Doctorado | |
| dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06 | |
| dc.type.coarversion | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa | |
| dc.type.content | Text | |
| dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis | |
| dc.type.redcol | http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD | |
| dc.type.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion | |
| dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopment | Investigadores | |
| oaire.accessrights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | |
| oaire.awardtitle | Biodiversidad y ciudad: descifrando patrones locales para entender problemas globales | |
| oaire.fundername | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
| oaire.fundername | Ministerio de Ciencias, Tecnología e Innovación | |
| oaire.fundername | Lahden Yliopistokampus | |
| oaire.fundername | University of Helsinki |
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