Caracterización mineralógica del depósito aurífero de Íquira, Huila, Colombia; aplicada al mejoramiento productivo del oro y la sustitución del mercurio en su proceso de beneficio
| dc.contributor.advisor | Molano, Juan Carlos | spa |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Santacruz Reyes, Leonardo | spa |
| dc.contributor.author | Gaitán Hernández, Rubén | spa |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2020-03-09T17:50:38Z | spa |
| dc.date.available | 2020-03-09T17:50:38Z | spa |
| dc.date.issued | 2019-11-01 | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | The gold deposit of Íquira is located in the west of Huila Department, Colombia, on the eastern flank of the Central Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. The lack of modern exploration techniques for gold, combined with the lack of knowledge regarding the emplacement and metallogenesis of gold deposits, leads to the misuse of these natural resources and has a large environmental impact. New research about the metallogeny of this deposit has allowed the for the application of new geological concepts to aid in gold processing and recovery. This is achieved by metallurgical techniques for gold extraction that do not use mercury in the final stages of recovery. The Íquira gold district extends approximately 5 km, and is hosted on the eastern flank of the Ibagué Batholith, which is composed mainly of granitic rocks. The mineralization is hosted in veins generated in fractures associated with the shear zone of the Chusma - La Plata regional fault zone, a series of NE – SW thrust faults. The proximal alteration mineral assemblage is composed of Illite ± muscovite ± fengite ± prehnite; observed alteration minerals distal to the veins, are chlorite ± epidote ± carbonate minerals. The ore mineral composition is characterized mainly by the presence of electrum gold and pyrite, and in smaller proportions chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite, associated with quartz and carbonate minerals. The ore contains electrum gold grains of <150 μm, more commonly <50 μm. Gold grains included in pyrite are the most frequently observed, followed by gold lodged in pyrite fractures and/or along the crystal edges of the sulfides. Visible gold can be extracted through the mercury amalgamation and cyanidation process. However, gold grains <50 μm cannot be recovered. For this purpose, with detailed study of the mineralization we may provide alternative techniques without the use of mercury. From the analysis carried out in this study, better milling steps for release of gold particles (from their associated minerals) are proposed, to compliment various concentration techniques in specific stages of the extraction process; generating more environmental-friendly alternatives for the gold recovery process. | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | El depósito de oro en Íquira, se encuentra localizado al oeste del departamento del Huila, Colombia; en el flanco este de la cordillera Central de los Andes colombianos. La falta de nuevas técnicas de beneficio de oro, junto con el desconocimiento acerca tanto de la génesis de la mineralización como la forma de emplazamiento del oro, conlleva a un mal aprovechamiento de los recursos naturales y genera grandes impactos ambientales. El nuevo conocimiento sobre la metalogenia de la zona ha permitido la aplicación de conceptos geológicos para mejorar el procesamiento y la recuperación de oro, ofreciendo indicadores metalúrgicos de beneficio de oro sin empleo de mercurio en las etapas finales de recuperación. El sector de Íquira, cuenta con una extensión de aproximadamente 5 km y se encuentra localizado en el flanco oriental del Batolito de Ibagué, el cual está compuesto principalmente por rocas graníticas. La mineralización está compuesta por vetas generadas en zonas de cizalla asociadas con una zona de falla regional denominada Chusma – La Plata, con dirección general NE – SW. El ensamble mineral de alteración proximal a las vetas está compuesto por Illita ± muscovita ± fengita ± Prehnita; y de manera subordinada en la parte distal de las vetas se observa clorita ± epidota ± carbonato. La composición mineralógica se caracteriza principalmente por la presencia de oro tipo electrum y pirita, y en menor proporción calcopirita, galena y esfalerita, asociados con cuarzo y carbonatos. La mena contiene granos de oro electrum con tamaños menores a 150μm, teniendo en cuenta, que la mayoría de estos granos son comunes en la fracción menor a 50 μm. Se observan con mayor frecuencia granos de oro incluidos en pirita, seguido de oro alojado en fracturas de pirita y/o en bordes de cristal de sulfuros. Los mineros benefician el oro visible mediante amalgamación y cianuración de manera secuencial; sin embargo, el oro con tamaños inferiores a 50 μm no logra ser recuperado; para este fin, a partir de este estudio es posible plantear alternativas de beneficio sin el empleo de mercurio, , las cuales incluyen, mejores etapas de molienda para la liberación de partículas de oro (de sus minerales asociados), y su complementación con diferentes técnicas de concentración, en etapas específicas del proceso de beneficio; estas alternativas más amigables con el medio ambiente y aumentan la eficiencia durante el proceso de recuperación de oro. | spa |
| dc.description.additional | Magíster en Ciencias - Geología | spa |
| dc.description.degreelevel | Maestría | spa |
| dc.format.extent | 144 | spa |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | spa |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/75997 | |
| dc.language.iso | spa | spa |
| dc.publisher.branch | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá | spa |
| dc.publisher.department | Departamento de Geociencias | spa |
| dc.relation.references | Alvarez. (1983). Geologia de la Cordillera Central y el occidente colombiano y petroquimica de los intrusivos granitoides meso-cenozoicos. Boletín Geológico v. 26 n.2, 175. Blenkinsop and Dyle. (2014). Structural controls on gold mineralization on the margin of the Yilgarn craton, Albanye Fraser orogen: The Tropicana deposit, Western Australia. Journal of Structural Geology, 189 - 204. Blenkinsop, T. G., & Kadzviti, S. (2006). Fluid flow in shear zones: insights from the geometry and evolution of ore bodies at Renco gold mine, Zimbabwe. Geofluids 6, 334 - 345. Blevin, P. L., & Chappell, B. W. (1992). The role of magma soures, oxidation states and fractionation in determining the granite metallogeny o easten Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earh Sciences. Buitrago, C. (1976). Ocurrencias minerales en el departamento del Huila. Bogota. Bustamante, C., Archanjo, C. J., Cardona, A., & Vervoort, J. D. (2016). Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous plutonism in the Colombian Andes: A record of long - term arc maturity. The Geological Society of America. Butler, K., & Schamel, S. (1988). Structure along the eastern margin of the Central Cordillera, Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 1, 109 - 120. Caceres, C., Cediel, F., & Etayo , F. (2003). Guia Introductoria de la Distribucion de Facies Sedimentarias de Colombia - Compendio del armazon estructural y de la geologia sedimentaria de Colombia. Ingeominas. Caine, J. S., Bruhn, R. L., & Forster, C. B. (2010). Internal strcture, fault rocks, and inferences regarding deformation, fluid flow, and mineralization in the sesmogenic stilwater normal fault, Dixie Valley, Nevada. Jornal of Structural Geology 32, 1576 - 1598. Cardona, A., Valencia, V. A., Bayona, G., Duque, J., Ducea, M., Gehrels, C., . . . Ruiz, J. (2011). Early - subduction - related orogeny in the northen Andes - Turonian to Eocene magmatic and provenance record in the Santa Marta Massif and Rancheria Basin, northrn Colombia. Terra Nova, 26 - 34. Carten, R. B. (1986). Sodium-Calcium metasomatism: Chemical, tempora, and spatial relationships at the Yerington, Nevada, porphyry copper deposit. Economic Geology, V. 81, 1495 - 1519. Castañeda, R. (2002). Caracterizacion petrografica y geoquimica de la Formación Saldaña en un area del macizo Colombiano entre los departamentos de Cauca - Nariño y Putumayo. Bogota. Cediel, F., Mojica, J., & Macias, C. (1981). Las formaciones Luisa, Payandé y Saldaña y sus columnas estratigrafficas. Geologia Norandina, V.3, 11 - 19. Cediel, F., Shaw, R. P., & Caceres, C. (2003). Tectonic Assembly of the Northern Andean Block. AAPG Memoir 79, 815 - 848. Chappell, B. W., & White, A. J. (2001). Two contrasting granite types: 25 years later. Cooper, M. A. (1995). Basin development and tectonic history of the. AAPG BULL, 79, 1421 - 1443. Corbett G., L. T. (1998). Southwet Pacific Rim Gold - Cooper Systems: Structure, Alteration, and Mineralization. Society of Economic Geologists. Special Publication No. 6, ii-x. Cordani, U., Cardona, A., Jimenez, D. M., Liu , D., & Nutman, A. P. (2005). Geochronology of Proterozoic basement inliers in the Colombian Andes - tectonic history of remnants of a fragmented Grenille belt. Geological Society of London Special Publications. v 246, 329 - 346. Corredor, F. (2003). Seismic strain rates and distributed continental deformation in the northern Andes and three-dimensional seismotectonics of northwestern South America. Tectonophysics, 147 - 166. Cortes, M., Angelier, J., & Colletta, B. (2005). Paleostress evolution of the northern Andes (Eastern Cordillera of Colombia): Implications on plate kinematics of the South Caribbean region. Tectonics, Vol. 24. Cox, S. (1995). Faulting processes at high fluid pressures: An example of fault valve behavior from the Wattle Gully Fault, Victoria, Australia. Jornal of Geophisical Research 100, 12,841 - 12,859. Cox, S. (2005). Coupling between Deformation, Fluid Pressures, and Fluid Flow in Ore - Producing Hydrothermal Systems at Depth in the Crust. . Economic Geology; Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 39 - 75. Davies, A. G. (2008). Hydrothermal Breccias and Veins at the Kelian Gold Mine, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Genesis of a Large Epithermal Gold Deposit. Economic Geology. V 103, 717 - 757. Demoustier, A., & Castroviejo, R. (1996). Clasificacion textural del cuarzo epitermal (Au-Ag) de relleno filoniano del area volcanica de cabo de gata, almeria. Boletin Geológico y Minero. Vol 109 - 5, 449 - 468. Dilles, J. H., & Einaudi, M. T. (1992). Wall-rock alteration and hydrothermal flow paths about the Ann-Mason prophyru copper deposit, Nevada a 6-km vertical reconstruction. Economic Geology, 1963 - 2001. Dong, G., Morrison, G., & Jaireth, S. (1995). Quartz textures in epithermal veins, Queensland - Classification, Origin and implication. Economic Geology V. 90, 1841 - 1856. Eilu, P. K. (1999). Atlas of alteration assemblages, styles and zoning in orogenic lode-gold deposits in a variety of host roc and metamorphic settings. Western Australia: Nedlands Geology and Geophysics Department, Univ. of Western Australia. Fisher, N. H. (1945). The fineness of gold, with special reference to the Morobe Goldfield, New Guinea. Economic geology, V.40, 449 - 495. Franchini, M., Impiccini, A., Meinert , L., Crathoff, G., & Shalamuk, I. (2007). Clay mineralogy and zonation in the campana mahuida porphyry Cu deposit, Neuquén, Argentina: Implications for porphyry Cu Exploration. Economic Geology, V. 102., 27 - 54. Goldfarb, R. J. (2010). Gold metallogeny: India and beyond. Mineralium Deposita, 835-836. Goldfarb, R., Baker , T., Dubé, B., Groves, D., Hart , C., & Gosselin, P. (2005). Distribution, character, and genesis of gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. Economic geology 100th anniversary volume, 407 - 450. Gomez, E. (2003). Controls on architecture of the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic southern Middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia. Geolotical Society of America Bulletin, 131 - 147. Groves, D. I., Goldfarb, R. J., Gebre, M. M., Hagemann, S. G., & Robert, F. (1998). Orogenic gold deposits: A proposed classification in the context of their crustal distribution and relationship to other gold deposit types. Ore Geology Reviews, 7-27. Gustanfson, L. B., & Hunt, J. P. (1975). The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Economic Geology, V. 70, 857 - 912. Hart, C. J. (2007). Reduced Intrusion-related Gold Systems. Special Publication Geological Association of Canada, (5), 95-112. Hedenquist, J. W. (1994). The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Nature, V. 370, 519 - 527. Hedenquist, J. W., Brown, P. R., & Allis, R. G. (1998). Epithermal gold mineralization. Hedenquist, J., Arribas, A., & Gonzalez, U. (2000). Exploration for epithermal gold deposits. Reviews in Economic Geology, v 13, 221 - 244. Hedenquist, J., Izawa, E., Arribas, A., & White, N. (1996). Epithermal Gold Deposits: Styles, Caracteristics and Exploration. Society of resource geology. Hinton, J. J., Veiga, M. M., & Veiga, T. C. (2003). Clean artisanal gold mining: a utopian aproach? Jornal of Cleaner Production, 99-115. Ilyas, S., & Chun Lee, J. (2018). Gold Metallurgy and the environment. Boca Raton, Fl: Tylor & Francis. Ishihara, S. (1977). The Magnetite-series and Ilmenite-series Granitics Rocks. Mining Geology Vol. 27. Ishihara, S. (2004). The redox state of granitoids relative to tectonic setting and earth history: The magnetite - ilmenite series 30 years later. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Jamtveit, B., & Yardley, B. W. (1997). Fluid Flow and Transport in rock: An Overview. Chapman & Hall, 319. Kolb, J., Rogers, A., Meyer, M. F., & Vennemann, T. W. (2004). Development of fluid conduits in the auriferous shear zones of the Hutti Gold Mine, India: Evidence for spatially and temporally heterogeneous fluid flow. Tectonophisics, 65 - 84. La Brooy, S., Linge, H., & Walker, G. (1994). Review of gold extraction from ores. Minerals Enginieering. v 7, 1213-1244. Lang, J. R., & Baker, T. (2001). Intrusion-related gold systems: The present level of understanding. . Mineralium Deposita, 477-489. Leal-Mejía, H., Melgarejo, I., Draper, J. C., & Shaw, R. P. (2011). Phanerozoic gold metalllogeny in the colombian andes: A tectono - magmatic approach. Barcelona. Lewis B. Gustafson, J. P. (1975). The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile. Society of economic geologists. Lindgren, W. (1933). Mineral deposits. McGraw-Hill Book company, Inc. Lobo - Guerrero. (2003). Gold and copper dissemination in the igneous - volcanic Saldaña Formation, Natagaima, Tolima, Colombia, and extension of the mineral province in the Andean Cordillera. Chilean Geological Congress, 12. Lowell, J. D., & Guilbert, J. M. (1970). Lateral and vertical alteration - mineraliztion zoning in porphyry copper deposits. Economic Geology, V. 65, 363 - 408. Macdonald, E. (2007). Handbook of gold exploration. Woodhead Publishing. Marquinez, G. (2002). Memoria explicativa mapa geológico de Colombia Plancha 344 Tesalia. Bogotá. Marsden, J., & House, I. (1992). The chemistry of gold extraction. Littleton, Colorado: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. Mas, A., Guisseau, D., Patrier Mas, P., Beaufort, D., Genter, A., Sanjuan, B., & Girard, D. (2006). Clay minerals related to the hydrothermal activity of Bouillante geothermal field (Guadalupe). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 380 - 400. McCaffrey, K., Lonergan, L., & Wilkinson, J. (1999). Fractures, Fluid Flow and Mineralization. London: Ken McCaffrey, Lidia Lonergan, Jamie Wilkinson. Melgarejo, J. C., Proenza, J. A., Galí, S., & Llovet, X. (2010). Tecnicas de Caracterizacion mineral y su aplicacion en exploracion y explotacion mineral. Boletin de la Sociedad Geologic Mexicana, 1-23. Meunier, A. (2003). Clays. Poitiers, France: Springer. Meunier, A. (2005). Clays. Poitiers: Springer. Meunier, A., & Velde, B. (2004). Illite, origins, evolution and metamorphism. Poiters, Francia: Springer-verlag berlin heidelberg. Micklethwaite, S., Sheldon, H. A., & Baker, T. (2010). Active fault and shear processes and their implications for mineral deposit formation and discovey. Jornal of Structural Geology 32, 151 - 165. Mojica, J., & Grimm, P. P. (2000). Las faunas de Amonitas del Triasico Tardio en el Miembro Chicalá, parte baja de la Formación Saldaña, en Payandé Tolima, Colombia. Geologia Colombiana V. 25, 13 - 23. Morrison, G., Rose, W. J., & Jaireth, S. (1991). Geological and geochemical controls on the silver content (fineness) of gold in gold - silver deposits. Ore Geology Reviews. V. 6, 333 - 364. Nelson, H. W. (1957). Contribution to the geology of the Central and Western Cordillera of Colombia in the sector between Ibagué and Cali. 1 - 75. Nuñez, A. (1988). Catalogo de unidades litoestratigraficas de Colombia - Batolito de Ibagué. Ingeominas, 22. Nuñez, A. (2002). Mapa geológico generalizado del Departamento del Tolima - Geología, recuersos geológicos y amenazas geológicas. Bogotá: Ingeominas. Nuñez, T. A. (1986). Petrogénesis del batolito de ibagué. Geologia colombiana, 35 - 45. Paez, G. N., Ruiz, R., Guido, D. M., & Jovic, S. M. (2011). Srucurally controlled fluid flow: High - grade silver ore - shoots at Martha epithermal mine. Journal of Structural Geology 33, 985 - 999. Priem, H. N., Kroonenberg, S. B., & Boelrijk, N. (1989). Sr and K-Ar evidence for the presence of a 1.6 Ga basement underlying the 1.2 Ga Garzon - Santa Marta granulite belt in the Colombian Andes. Precambrian Research, V.42, 315 - 324. Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente - PNUMA. (2012). Reduccion del uso del mercurio en la mineria de oro artesanal y de pequeña escala. Ramos, V. A. (2010). The Grenville age basement of the Andes. Jornal of South american Earth Sciences v. 29, 77 - 91. Reyes, A. G. (1990). Petrology of Philippine geothermal systems and the appliation of alteration mineralogy to their assessment. Jorunal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 279 - 309. Ridley, J. (1993). The relations between mean rock stress and fluid flow in the crust: with reference to vein and lode style gold deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 23-37. Seedorff, E., Dilles, J. H., Proffett, J. M., Einaudi, M. T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W. J., . . . Barton, M. D. (2005). Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features. Economic Geology 100TH Anniversary Volume, 251-298. Sibson, R. H. (1990). Conditions for fault-valve behaviour. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 15-28. Sibson, R. H., Robert, F., & Poulsen, K. H. (1988). High - angle reverse faults, fluid - pressure cycling, and mesothermal gold - quartz deposits. The Geological Society of America 16, 551 - 555. Sillitoe, R. a. (2003). Linkages between volcanotectonic settings, ore-fluid commpositions, and epithermal precious metal deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication No. 10, 315 - 343. Sillitoe, R. H. (1991). Intrusion - related gold deposits. Chapman and Hall, 165 - 209. Sillitoe, R. H. (2005). Supergene oxidized and enriched porphyry copper and related deposits. Economic Geology, 723 - 786. Sillitoe, R. H. (2008). Special Paper: Major Gold Deposits and Belts of the North and South American Cordillera. Economic Geology , 663-687. Sillitoe, R. H. (2010). Porphyry Copper Systems. Economic Geology, Vol 105, No. 1, 3 - 41. Sillitoe, R. H., & Hedenquist, J. w. (2003). Linkages between volcanotectonic settings ore-fluid compositions, and epithermal precious metal deposits. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication No. 10, 315 - 343. Sillitoe, R. H., & Thompson, J. F. (1998). Intrusion-Related Vein Gold Deposits: Types, Tectono-Magmatic Settings nd Difficulties of Distinction from Orogenic Gold Deposits. Resource Geology, 237 - 250. Simmons, S. (2005). Geological characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits. Economic Geology 100 th Anniversary Volume, 485 - 522. Simmons, S. F., White, N. C., & John, D. A. (2005). Geologic characteristics of epithermal precious and base metal deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 485 - 522. Steiner, A. (1968). Clay minerals in hydrothermally altered rocks at Wairakei, New Zealand. Clays and Clay Minerals, 16, 193-213. Stuart F. Simmons, N. C. (2005). Geologycal Characteristics of Epithermal Precious and Base Metal Deposits. En S. o. Inc, One Hundredth Aniversary (págs. 485 - 522). Trumpy, D. (1943). Pre-Cretaceous of Colombia. eological Society of America Bulletin 54, 1261-1304. Velandia, F. (2001). Memoria explicativa mapa geológico del departamento del Huila. Bogotá. Volkov, A. V., Chizhova, I. A., & Alekseev, V. Y. (2013). Variations of the Ag/Au index in epithermal deposits. Daklady Earth Sciences, 911 - 914. White, N. C. (1995). Epithermal gold deposits: Styles, Characteristics and exploration. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 23, 1 - 13. White, N. C., & Hedenquist, J. W. (1995). Epithermal gold deposits: Styles, characteristics and exploration. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 23, 1 - 13. White, N., & Hedenquist, J. (1995). Epithermal gold deposits: Styles, characteristics and exploration. Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 23, 1 -13. Whitney, D. L. (2010). Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, Volume 95,, 185–187. Zhou, J., Jago , B., & Martin, C. (2004). Establishing the Process Mineralogy of Gold Ores. SGS Minerals Technical bulletin 03 , 1 - 16. | spa |
| dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | spa |
| dc.rights.license | CC0 1.0 Universal | spa |
| dc.rights.spa | Acceso abierto | spa |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ | spa |
| dc.subject.ddc | Ciencias de la tierra::Geología económica | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Yacimiento aurífero | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Gold deposit | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Beneficio de oro | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Gold profif | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Mercury | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Mercurio | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Pequeña minería | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Small mining | eng |
| dc.title | Caracterización mineralógica del depósito aurífero de Íquira, Huila, Colombia; aplicada al mejoramiento productivo del oro y la sustitución del mercurio en su proceso de beneficio | spa |
| dc.title.alternative | Mineralogic characterization of the auriferous deposit iquira, Huila, Colombia; applied to the productive improvement of gold and the replacement of mercury in its benefit process | spa |
| dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Maestría | spa |
| dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc | spa |
| dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis | spa |
| dc.type.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion | spa |
| oaire.accessrights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | spa |