Characterization of upward electric discharge signals and their role in atmospheric phenomena

dc.contributor.advisorRomán Campos, Francisco José
dc.contributor.authorGómez Vargas, Carlos Antonio
dc.contributor.cvlacGómez Vargas, Carlos Antonio [0000373826]
dc.contributor.cvlacRomán Campos, Francisco José [0000228958]
dc.contributor.orcidGómez Vargas, Carlos Antonio [0000000261742281]
dc.contributor.orcidRomán Campos, Francisco José [0000000195004060]
dc.contributor.researchgateGómez Vargas, Carlos Antonio [Carlos-Gomez-Vargas]
dc.contributor.researchgateRomán Campos, Francisco José [Francisco-Jose-Roman-Campos]
dc.contributor.researchgroupGrupo de Investigación Emc-Un
dc.date.accessioned2026-02-24T16:37:05Z
dc.date.available2026-02-24T16:37:05Z
dc.date.issued2025
dc.descriptionilustraciones a color, diagramas, fotografíasspa
dc.description.abstractAunque existen numerosos estudios sobre las descargas eléctricas atmosféricas, todavía persisten interrogantes sobre su física y sus efectos tanto en la troposfera como en las capas superiores de la atmósfera. Una razón central es que la atmósfera terrestre es un sistema altamente dinámico, donde los fenómenos electromagnéticos dependen de variables como la latitud, la altitud, la temperatura y la topografía. Esta complejidad también afecta a los Eventos Luminosos Transitorios (TLE) —como sprites, elves y jets— y a los Eventos Bipolares Estrechos (NBE), eventos que son aún menos conocidos dada su naturaleza fugaz y por ocurrir en regiones de difícil acceso observacional. Para registrar estos fenómenos se emplean cámaras de baja luminosidad, sin embargo, su breve duración y gran altura dificultan el registro directo. Por ello se recurre con frecuencia a plataformas y técnicas complementarias: satélites y radares meteorológicos, aeronaves y sondas instrumentadas, torres de medida, detección indirecta del campo electromagnético radiado y simulaciones computacionales para validar modelos. Estas mediciones se combinan con procesamiento digital de señales (filtrado, reducción de ruido, identificación de patrones y compresión), lo que permite no solo obtener imágenes, sino también estimar parámetros como la carga transferida, la corriente pico y la localización de la actividad eléctrica dentro de la nube. Este trabajo se centra en el modelado electromagnético de descargas tipo streamer mediante un enfoque de fluido de deriva-difusión-reacción bajo la aproximación de campo local, resolviendo las ecuaciones de continuidad para electrones e iones acopladas con la ecuación de Poisson. La implementación se realizó en Afivo-Streamer con malla adaptativa, lo que permitió concentrar la resolución computacional en zonas de altos gradientes de campo y carga. Se utilizó predominantemente un dominio axisimétrico 2D por eficiencia, contrastando con simulaciones 3D cuando fue necesario capturar efectos de no-axisimetría y ramificación. Se compararon dos esquemas químicos: uno básico, que captura la cinemática esencial, y otro extendido, que incorpora procesos como excitación vibracional y electrónica, recombinación, decaimiento radiativo y quenching. Además, se desarrolló un conjunto de métricas reproducibles para caracterizar la evolución de la descarga, incluyendo máximos globales de campo eléctrico y densidad electrónica, altura y velocidad de punta, y el radio efectivo de la cabeza del streamer. Se propuso un índice de no axisimetría que cuantifica el desacople sostenido entre el máximo global del campo y el valor axial en la punta, actuando como indicador de la pérdida de colimación e inicio de ramificación. También se implementó un flujo de síntesis óptica multispectral para convertir campos y densidades en mapas, perfiles y curvas de brillo en 1PN₂ (primer sistema positivo del N₂), 2PN₂ (segundo sistema positivo del N₂; por ejemplo, la banda (0,0) en 337.1 nm), LBH (bandas de Lyman–Birge–Hopfield del N₂, en el ultravioleta) y O I 777.4 nm (línea del oxígeno neutro). Las bandas 1P/2P trazan regiones de alto campo eléctrico reducido (E/N) en la cabeza de la descarga, la línea O I 777.4 nm resalta zonas con oxígeno atómico, y las bandas LBH son especialmente sensibles a la absorción y a la geometría de observación, lo que exige un tratamiento radiativo cuidadoso. Complementariamente, este trabajo incluyó el diseño, instalación y puesta en marcha de una estación de medición de rayos. La estación cuenta con un interferómetro VHF, un sistema de medición de campos eléctricos y magnéticos, una cámara de ultra baja luminosidad y un sistema GPS para sincronización temporal. El objetivo es conformar un registro lo más completo posible de TLEs y de la radiación electromagnética asociada. Hasta el momento, solo las antenas de campo magnético han registrado señales correlacionables con eventos TLE, los demás sensores no han obtenido registros debido a la gran distancia a la que han ocurrido dichos eventos. Este trabajo aporta un marco que combina modelación numérica, síntesis óptica, medición de campo y el desarrollo de infraestructura experimental para el estudio de descargas eléctricas atmosféricas. De esta manera el presente estudio permite relacionar los registros obtenidos con los mecanismos físicos subyacentes y ofrece herramientas cuantitativas para comparar escenarios 2D y 3D, esquemas químicos y configuraciones instrumentales. Los resultados sientan las bases para que futuras investigaciones incorporen aspectos relacionados con transferencia radiativa espectral completa, campañas de medición en emplazamientos más cercanos a las tormentas y series más extensas de eventos, lo cual permite fortalecer y cerrar brechas de conocimiento asociadas con los procesos electrodinámicos que tienen lugar en la atmósfera superior. (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractAlthough numerous studies have examined atmospheric electrical discharges, many questions remain about their physics and their impacts both in the troposphere and in the upper atmosphere. A central reason is that Earth’s atmosphere is a highly dynamic system in which electromagnetic phenomena depend on variables such as latitude, altitude, temperature, and topography. This complexity also affects Transient Luminous Events (TLE)—such as sprites, elves, and jets—and Narrow Bipolar Events (NBE), which are even less well understood due to their fleeting nature and because they occur in regions that are difficult to observe. To record these phenomena, low-light cameras are used; however, their brief duration and great altitude make direct imaging challenging. Consequently, complementary platforms and techniques are frequently employed: meteorological satellites and radars, instrumented aircraft and sondes, measurement towers, indirect detection of the radiated electromagnetic field, and computer simulations to validate models. These measurements are combined with digital signal processing (filtering, noise reduction, pattern identification, and compression), which enables not only image acquisition but also the estimation of parameters such as transferred charge, peak current, and the location of electrical activity within the cloud. This work focuses on the electromagnetic modeling of streamer-type discharges using a drift–diffusion–reaction fluid approach under the local field approximation, solving continuity equations for electrons and ions coupled with Poisson’s equation. The implementation was carried out in Afivo-Streamer with adaptive mesh refinement, which concentrates computational resolution in regions with strong field and charge gradients. A 2D axisymmetric domain was used predominantly for efficiency, and was contrasted with 3D simulations when non-axisymmetry and branching needed to be captured. Two chemical schemes were compared: a basic one that captures the essential kinematics, and an extended one that incorporates processes such as vibrational and electronic excitation, recombination, radiative decay, and quenching. In addition, a set of reproducible metrics was developed to characterize discharge evolution, including global maxima of electric field and electron density, tip height and velocity, and the effective radius of the streamer head. A non-axisymmetry index was proposed to quantify the sustained decoupling between the global field maximum and the axial value at the tip, serving as an indicator of loss of collimation and the onset of branching. A multispectral optical synthesis pipeline was also implemented to convert fields and densities into maps, profiles, and brightness curves for 1PN₂ (first positive system of N₂), 2PN₂ (second positive system of N₂; for example, the (0,0) band at 337.1 nm), LBH (Lyman–Birge–Hopfield bands of N₂, in the ultraviolet), and O I 777.4 nm (neutral oxygen line). The 1P/2P bands trace regions of high reduced electric field (E/N) at the discharge head, the O I 777.4 nm line highlights areas with atomic oxygen, and the LBH bands are especially sensitive to absorption and viewing geometry, which demands careful radiative treatment. Complementarily, this work included the design, installation, and commissioning of a lightning measurement station. The station features a VHF interferometer, a system for measuring electric and magnetic fields, an ultra-low-light camera, and a GPS system for time synchronization. The goal is to build as comprehensive a record as possible of TLEs and their associated electromagnetic radiation. To date, only the magnetic-field antennas have recorded signals that can be correlated with TLE events. The other sensors have not obtained records due to the large distance at which such events have occurred. This work provides a framework that combines numerical modeling, optical synthesis, field measurements, and the development of experimental infrastructure for the study of atmospheric electrical discharges. In this way, the present study links the collected records to the underlying physical mechanisms and offers quantitative tools to compare 2D and 3D scenarios, chemical schemes, and instrumental configurations. The results lay the groundwork for future investigations to incorporate comprehensive spectral radiative transfer, measurement campaigns at sites closer to storms, and larger series of coincident events, thereby strengthening validation efforts and helping to close knowledge gaps associated with the electrodynamic processes that take place in the upper atmosphere.eng
dc.description.degreelevelDoctorado
dc.description.degreenameDoctor en Ingeniería Eléctrica
dc.description.methodsElectrical discharges in gases represent a fundamental physical phenomenon with wideranging implications for both natural processes and technological applications [77]. Of particular interest are streamer discharges, which are filamentary highly ionized plasma structures that develop when free electrons, accelerated by strong electric fields, initiate an ionization cascade through collisional processes [78]. These dynamic discharges play a crucial role in diverse contexts, from atmospheric electrical phenomena such as lightning, transient luminous events (TLEs) and narrow bipolar events (NBEs) to industrial applications including plasma-assisted disinfection and ozone generation systems.
dc.description.researchareaElectrical discharges in gases
dc.description.sponsorshipEste trabajo fue posible gracias al Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (MINCIENCIAS) y la Fundación para el Futuro de Colombia (COLFUTURO) por otorgarme una beca en el marco del “Programa Nacional de Doctorado 2016 – Convocatoria 757 de 2016”, de la cual fui beneficiario.
dc.format.extentxvii, 167 páginas
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdf
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89662
dc.language.isoeng
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ingeniería
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombia
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ingeniería - Doctorado en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Eléctrica
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.licenseReconocimiento 4.0 Internacional
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subject.ddc550 - Ciencias de la tierra::558 - Ciencias de la tierra de América del Sur
dc.subject.ddc620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines::629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería
dc.subject.lembDESCARGAS ELECTRICASspa
dc.subject.lembElectric dischargeseng
dc.subject.lembDENSIDAD ELECTRICAspa
dc.subject.lembElectric charge and distributioneng
dc.subject.lembFENOMENOS TRANSITORIOS (ELECTRICIDAD)spa
dc.subject.lembTransients (electricity)eng
dc.subject.lembCORRIENTES ELECTRICASspa
dc.subject.lembElectric currentseng
dc.subject.proposalAproximación de Campo Local (LFA)spa
dc.subject.proposalModelo de plasmaspa
dc.subject.proposalFotoionizaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalASIMspa
dc.subject.proposalSpriteseng
dc.subject.proposalTLEeng
dc.subject.proposalLocal Field Approximation (LFA)eng
dc.subject.proposalStreamereng
dc.subject.proposalPlasma modeleng
dc.subject.proposalPhotoionizationeng
dc.titleCharacterization of upward electric discharge signals and their role in atmospheric phenomenaeng
dc.title.translatedCaracterización de señales de descargas eléctricas ascendentes y su papel en los fenómenos atmosféricosspa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctorado
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa
dc.type.contentText
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TD
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadores
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantes
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestros
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentPúblico general
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
oaire.awardtitleConvocatoria Doctorados Nacionales 2016 - 757
oaire.fundernameDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación - Colciencias
oaire.fundernameColfuturo

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