Efecto de la ingesta de leche de vaca descremada sobre el rendimiento de ciclistas jóvenes altamente entrenados
dc.contributor.advisor | Guerrero Orjuela, Ligia Stella | |
dc.contributor.author | Correa Ramírez, Laura Isabella | |
dc.contributor.orcid | Correa Ramírez, Laura Isabella [0009-0002-1513-1508] | |
dc.contributor.researchgroup | Alimentación y Nutrición Humana | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2025-09-02T15:18:31Z | |
dc.date.available | 2025-09-02T15:18:31Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2025 | |
dc.description.abstract | Introducción: El ciclismo es un deporte que implica un gran esfuerzo físico y una alta demanda energética. Por lo tanto, el aporte adecuado de nutrientes es fundamental para optimizar el rendimiento. La leche de vaca es un alimento de gran interés debido a su accesibilidad, bajo costo y concentración de carbohidratos similar a las bebidas deportivas que se encuentran en el mercado, por lo que puede llegar a ser una alternativa eficiente y natural para apoyar el rendimiento y la recuperación en deportistas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la ingesta de leche de vaca descremada UHT previo a un ejercicio físico, sobre el rendimiento de ciclistas jóvenes altamente entrenados, durante pruebas de capacidad aeróbica y neuromuscular. Metodología: Ensayo doble ciego cruzado y aleatorizado en 8 ciclistas del equipo SHC Cycling Team. Se comparó la ingesta de 625 ml de leche descremada (LD) y 625 ml de leche entera (LE) durante pruebas como la ergoespirometría, la prueba de Umbral de Potencia Funcional (FTP), prueba de salto contramovimiento (CMJ), toma de glucosa y lactato en sangre, y encuesta de síntomas gastrointestinales. Los resultados se analizaron mediante pruebas de varianza ANOVA y Tukey para las pruebas FTP y CMJ, y para los bioquímicos se empleó la T de Student. Resultados: La potencia normalizada (226,8 ± 29,2 W), potencia máxima (686,1 ± 185 W) y potencia relativa (11,8 ± 3,1 W/kg) fue superior con la LD, pero no alcanzó la significancia estadística. Se encontró una diferencia (p < 0,0001) al comparar los saltos finales con los saltos iniciales, independientemente de la bebida suministrada. Los bioquímicos evidenciaron un comportamiento lineal creciente de glucosa con la ingesta de LD, con un aumento significativo en sangre a un IC del 90% a los 15 min (82,4 mg/dL; p = 0,09) y un incremento individual de lactato en cada unidad de tiempo con cada bebida (p < 0,01). Finalmente, solo un ciclista presentó náuseas, distensión abdominal y eructos con la ingesta de LE. Conclusiones: Aunque la leche de vaca descremada no mostró mejoras significativas en el rendimiento, sus efectos fisiológicos podrían ser beneficiosos en ejercicios prolongados, al contribuir al mantenimiento de los niveles de glucosa en sangre y permitir el ahorro del glucógeno muscular, lo que probablemente retarde la aparición de la fatiga y favorezca la economía de carrera. (Texto tomado de la fuente) | spa |
dc.description.abstract | Introduction: Cycling is a sport that involves intense physical effort and high energy demands. Therefore, adequate intake of nutrients is essential to optimize performance. Cow's milk is a food of great interest due to its accessibility, low cost, and carbohydrate concentration similar to that of commercially available sports drinks. Hence, it can be an efficient and natural alternative to support performance and recovery in athletes. Objective: To determine the effect of ingesting UHT skimmed cow's milk before physical exercise on the performance of highly trained young cyclists during aerobic and neuromuscular capacity tests. Methodology: A double-blind, randomized, crossover trial was conducted in eight cyclists from the SHC Cycling Team. The intake of 625 ml of skim milk (LD) and 625 ml of whole milk (LE) was compared during tests, including ergospirometry, the Functional Threshold Power test (FTP), countermovement jump (CMJ), blood glucose and lactate measurements, and a gastrointestinal symptom rating scale. Results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test for the FTP and CMJ tests, and the Student´s T-test for biochemical tests. Results: Normalized power (226,8 ± 29,2 W), peak power (686,1 ± 185 W), and relative power (11,8 ± 3,1 W/kg) were higher with LD, but did not reach statistical significance. A difference (p < 0,0001) was found when comparing the final jumps with the initial jumps, regardless of the drink supplied. Biochemical analyses revealed that glucose levels increased linearly with SM ingestion over time, showing a significant rise in blood at a 90% confidence level at 15 minutes (82.4 mg/dL; p = 0.09). Additionally, lactate levels increased individually for each time unit (p < 0.01) compared to baseline values. Finally, only one cyclist experienced nausea, abdominal distension, and belching with LE ingestion. Conclusions: Although skimmed cow's milk did not show significant performance improvements, its physiological effects may be beneficial during prolonged exercise, as it helps maintain blood glucose levels and facilitates muscle glycogen storage, which likely delays the onset of fatigue and promotes a more efficient running economy. | eng |
dc.description.curriculararea | Medicina.Sede Bogotá | |
dc.description.degreelevel | Maestría | |
dc.description.degreename | Magister en Fisioterapia del Deporte y la Actividad Física | |
dc.description.researcharea | Nutrición, Actividad Física y Deporte | |
dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
dc.identifier.instname | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
dc.identifier.reponame | Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
dc.identifier.repourl | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ | spa |
dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/88533 | |
dc.language.iso | spa | |
dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
dc.publisher.branch | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá | |
dc.publisher.faculty | Facultad de Medicina | |
dc.publisher.place | Bogotá, Colombia | |
dc.publisher.program | Bogotá - Medicina - Maestría en Fisioterapia del Deporte y la Actividad Física | |
dc.relation.references | Aandahl, M. H., Noordhof, D. A., Tjønna, A. E., & Sandbakk, Ø. (2021). Effect of Carbohydrate Content in a Pre-event Meal on Endurance Performance-Determining Factors: A Randomized Controlled Crossover-Trial. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.664270 | |
dc.relation.references | ACCU-CHEK. (n.d.). Accu-Chek® Active. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from https://www.accu-chek.com.co/medidores-de-glicemia/accu-chekr-active | |
dc.relation.references | Adeva-Andany, M., López-Ojén, M., Funcasta-Calderón, R., Ameneiros-Rodríguez, E., Donapetry-García, C., Vila-Altesor, M., & Rodríguez-Seijas, J. (2014). Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion, 17, 76–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MITO.2014.05.007 | |
dc.relation.references | Alcantara, J. M. A., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Martinez-Tellez, B., Labayen, I., & Ruiz, J. R. (2019). Impact of cow’s milk intake on exercise performance and recovery of muscle function: a systematic review. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12970-019-0288-5 | |
dc.relation.references | Allen, H., Coggan, A. R., & McGregor, S. (2019). Training and Racing with a Power Meter: Third Edition (VeloPress). Ingram Publisher Services. https://books.google.com.co/books?hl=en&lr=&id=X62SDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&ots=wBwLoaXqR9&sig=4snCCcRHOzCLDNT1Ua1HaeND_WU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false | |
dc.relation.references | Álvarez-Figueroa, M. L., Pineda-Castro, M. L., Chacón-Villalobos, A., & Cubero-Castillo, E. (2022). Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of whole, skimmed and lactose-free goat and bovine milks. Agronomia Mesoamericana, 33(2). https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v33i2.47039 | |
dc.relation.references | Amawi, A., AlKasasbeh, W., Jaradat, M., Almasri, A., Alobaidi, S., Hammad, A. A., Bishtawi, T., Fataftah, B., Turk, N., Saoud, H. Al, Jarrar, A., & Ghazzawi, H. (2024). Athletes’ nutritional demands: a narrative review of nutritional requirements. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1331854. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNUT.2023.1331854 | |
dc.relation.references | Anicic, Z., Janicijevic, D., Knezevic, O. M., Garcia-Ramos, A., Petrovic, M. R., Cabarkapa, D., & Mirkov, D. M. (2023). Assessment of Countermovement Jump: What Should We Report? Life 2023, Vol. 13, Page 190, 13(1), 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/LIFE13010190 | |
dc.relation.references | AXON Bioingenieria Deportiva. (n.d.). Plataformas Axon Jump. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from https://www.axonjump.com.ar/plataformas | |
dc.relation.references | Baker, L. B., Rollo, I., Stein, K. W., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2015). Acute Effects of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Intermittent Sports Performance. Nutrients , 7(7), 5733–5763. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU7075249 | |
dc.relation.references | Bell, K. J., Fio, C. Z., Twigg, S., Duke, S. A., Fulcher, G., Alexander, K., McGill, M., Wong, J., Brand-Miller, J., & Steil, G. M. (2020). Amount and Type of Dietary Fat, Postprandial Glycemia, and Insulin Requirements in Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Within-Subject Trial. Diabetes Care, 43(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.2337/DC19-0687 | |
dc.relation.references | Berry, C. W., Murray, B., & Kenney, W. L. (2022). Scientific basis for a milk permeate-based sports drink – A critical review. International Dairy Journal, 127, 105296. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IDAIRYJ.2021.105296 | |
dc.relation.references | Bird, S. R., Linden, M., & Hawley, J. A. (2013). Acute changes to biomarkers as a consequence of prolonged strenuous running. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 51(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563213492147 | |
dc.relation.references | Borszcz, F. K., Tramontin, A. F., Bossi, A. H., Carminatti, L. J., & Costa, V. P. (2018). Functional Threshold Power in Cyclists: Validity of the Concept and Physiological Responses. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(10), 737–742. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-101546 | |
dc.relation.references | Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H. S., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of Sports Science, 29(SUPPL. 1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473 | |
dc.relation.references | Burke, L. M., Kiens, B., & Ivy, J. L. (2004). Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(1), 15–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000140527 | |
dc.relation.references | Clark, I. E., Vanhatalo, A., Thompson, C., Joseph, C., Black, M. I., Blackwell, J. R., Wylie, L. J., Tan, R., Bailey, S. J., Wilkins, B. W., Kirby, B. S., & Jones, A. M. (2019). Dynamics of the power-duration relationship during prolonged endurance exercise and influence of carbohydrate ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 127(3), 726–736. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00207.2019/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/ZDG0081931220007.JPEG | |
dc.relation.references | Claudino, J. G., Cronin, J., Mezêncio, B., McMaster, D. T., McGuigan, M., Tricoli, V., Amadio, A. C., & Serrão, J. C. (2017). The countermovement jump to monitor neuromuscular status: A meta-analysis. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(4), 397–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSAMS.2016.08.011/ATTACHMENT/36EBE82B-31C0-45A2-ABCC-0EBB72187985/MMC36.DOCX | |
dc.relation.references | Cockburn, E., Bell, P. G., & Stevenson, E. (2013). Effect of milk on team sport performance after exercise-induced muscle damage. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(8), 1585–1592. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0B013E31828B7DD0 | |
dc.relation.references | Cormack, S. J., Newton, R. U., McGulgan, M. R., & Doyle, T. L. A. (2008). Reliability of measures obtained during single and repeated countermovement jumps. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 3(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.3.2.131 | |
dc.relation.references | CORTEX. (n.d.). METALYZER 3B. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from https://cortex-medical.com/EN/METALYZER-3B-en.htm | |
dc.relation.references | Costa, A., Lopez-Villalobos, N., Sneddon, N. W., Shalloo, L., Franzoi, M., De Marchi, M., & Penasa, M. (2019). Invited review: Milk lactose—Current status and future challenges in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 102(7), 5883–5898. https://doi.org/10.3168/JDS.2018-15955 | |
dc.relation.references | Costa, R. J. S., Miall, A., Khoo, A., Rauch, C., Snipe, R., Camões-Costa, V., & Gibson, P. (2017). Gut-training: the impact of two weeks repetitive gut-challenge during exercise on gastrointestinal status, glucose availability, fuel kinetics, and running performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme, 42(5), 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1139/APNM-2016-0453 | |
dc.relation.references | Cunningham, K. M., & Read, N. W. (1989). The effect of incorporating fat into different components of a meal on gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses. British Journal of Nutrition, 61(2), 285–290. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19890116 | |
dc.relation.references | De Campos, J. C., Leporace, G., & Maior, A. S. (2019). Countermovement Jump Test Performance in Different Sports Modalities . Journal of the American Society of Exercise Physiologists , 22(5), 172–182. | |
dc.relation.references | Douglas, J., Ross, A., & Martin, J. C. (2021). Maximal muscular power: lessons from sprint cycling. Sports Medicine - Open 2021 7:1, 7(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40798-021-00341-7 | |
dc.relation.references | Dumke, C. L., McBride, J. M., Nieman, D. C., Gowin, W. D., Utter, A. C., & McAnulty, S. R. (2007). Effect of duration and exogenous carbohydrate on gross efficiency during cycling. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1214–1219. https://doi.org/10.1519/R-22396.1 | |
dc.relation.references | EFK. (n.d.). Lactate Scout Sport - Lactate Analyzer for sports performance. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from https://www.ekfdiagnostics.com/point-of-care/sports/lactate-scout-sport/ | |
dc.relation.references | Erdemir, U., Yildiz, E., Saygi, G., Altay, N. I., Eren, M. M., & Yucel, T. (2016). Effects of energy and sports drinks on tooth structures and restorative materials. Http://Www.Wjgnet.Com/, 5(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5321/WJS.V5.I1.1 | |
dc.relation.references | Fajardo-López, N., & Moscoso-Alvarado, F. (2013). Entrenamiento de la capacidad aeróbica por medio de la terapia acuática en niños con parálisis cerebral tipo diplejía espástica. Rev. Fac. Med, 61(4), 365–371. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rfmun/v61n4/v61n4a5.pdf | |
dc.relation.references | Febbraio, M. A., Keenan, J., Angus, D. J., Campbell, S. E., & Garnham, A. P. (2000). Preexercise carbohydrate ingestion, glucose kinetics, and muscle glycogen use: Effect of the glycemic index. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(5), 1845–1851. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPL.2000.89.5.1845/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/DG1100256006.JPEG | |
dc.relation.references | Frost, G. S., Brynes, A. E., Dhillo, W. S., Bloom, S. R., & McBurney, M. I. (2003). The effects of fiber enrichment of pasta and fat content on gastric emptying, GLP-1, glucose, and insulin responses to a meal. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 57(2), 293–298. https://doi.org/10.1038/SJ.EJCN.1601520 | |
dc.relation.references | Galvis-Rincón, J., Mejía-Cano, J., & Espinosa-DeLaOssa, P. (2020). Correlación del Queen’s College Step Test y ergoespirometría para estimación de VO2max. Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de La Actividad Física y El Deporte. https://revistas.uma.es/index.php/riccafd/article/view/6706/9940 | |
dc.relation.references | Garciá-Berger, D., MacKay, K., Monsalves-Alvarez, M., Jorquera, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Zbinden-Foncea, H., & Castro-Sepulveda, M. (2020). Effects of skim milk and isotonic drink consumption before exercise on fluid homeostasis and time-trial performance in cyclists: A randomized cross-over study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12970-020-00346-9/FIGURES/3 | |
dc.relation.references | Gentleman, R., & Ihaka, R. (1993). What is R? https://www.r-project.org/ | |
dc.relation.references | Gómez Álvarez, A. C., Portillo Lozano, L. C., Quinchía Castro, A. E., Bejarano Herrera, E. Y., Povea Combariza, C. E., & Guerrero Orjuela, L. S. (2023). Evaluación del efecto de la ingesta de lactosa previo a un esfuerzo físico de resistencia y su impacto en el rendimiento en ciclistas juveniles profesionales. [Universidad CES]. https://repository.ces.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/854f9f93-fd38-422e-9fc6-04fd6e4a4d6b/content | |
dc.relation.references | González-Mohíno, F., Rodrigo-Carranza, V., Rodríguez-Barbero, S., Turner, A., & González-Ravé, J. M. (2022). Acute effects of combined cycling and plyometrics on vertical jump performance in active males. Biology of Sport, 40(3), 761–766. https://doi.org/10.5114/BIOLSPORT.2023.119989 | |
dc.relation.references | Gorostiaga, E. M., Navarro-Amézqueta, I., Calbet, J. A. L., Sánchez-Medina, L., Cusso, R., Guerrero, M., Granados, C., González-Izal, M., Ibáñez, J., & Izquierdo, M. (2014). Blood ammonia and lactate as markers of muscle metabolites during leg press exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(10), 2775–2785. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000496 | |
dc.relation.references | Guetouache, M., Guessas, B., & Medjekal, S. (2014). Composition and nutritional value of raw milk. Issues Biol. Sci. Pharm. Res. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278785108_Composition_and_nutritional_value_of_raw_milk | |
dc.relation.references | Haakonssen, E. C., Ross, M. L., Cato, L. E., Nana, A., Knight, E. J., Jenkins, D. G., Martin, D. T., & Burke, L. M. (2014). Dairy-based preexercise meal does not affect gut comfort or time-trial performance in female cyclists. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(5), 553–558. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSNEM.2014-0069 | |
dc.relation.references | Haug, A., Høstmark, A. T., & Harstad, O. M. (2007). Bovine milk in human nutrition – a review. Lipids in Health and Disease, 6, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-6-25 | |
dc.relation.references | Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, M. del P. (2014). Metodología de la Investigación. In McGRAW-HILL / INTERAMERICANA EDITORES, S.A. DE C.V. (6a Edición). McGRAW-HILL . | |
dc.relation.references | Herzog, M., Clarke, A., & Francis, G. (2019). Understanding Statistics and Experimental Design: How to Not Lie with Statistics. Springer Nature. http://www.springer.com/series/15430 | |
dc.relation.references | Heyman, M. B. (2006). Lactose Intolerance in Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Pediatrics, 118(3), 1279–1286. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2006-1721 | |
dc.relation.references | Huppertz, T., & Chia, L. W. (2021). Milk protein coagulation under gastric conditions: A review. International Dairy Journal, 113, 104882. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IDAIRYJ.2020.104882 | |
dc.relation.references | Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF). (2018). Tabla de Composición de Alimentos Colombianos (pp. 78–79). ICBF. https://www.icbf.gov.co/system/files/tcac_web.pdf | |
dc.relation.references | Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011). Nutrition for endurance sports: Marathon, triathlon, and road cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.610348 | |
dc.relation.references | Jeukendrup, A. E. (2017). Training the Gut for Athletes. Sports Medicine, 47(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40279-017-0690-6/FIGURES/4 | |
dc.relation.references | Jeukendrup, A. E., & Jentjens, R. (2000). Oxidation of carbohydrate feedings during prolonged exercise: current thoughts, guidelines and directions for future research. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 29(6), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029060-00004 | |
dc.relation.references | Jones, T. W., Eddens, L., Kupusarevic, J., Simoes, D. C. M., Furber, M. J. W., Van Someren, K. A., & Howatson, G. (2022). Effects of Cycling Intensity on Acute Signaling Adaptations to 8-weeks Concurrent Training in Trained Cyclists. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 852595. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2022.852595/BIBTEX | |
dc.relation.references | Kirk, B., Mitchell, J., Jackson, M., Amirabdollahian, F., Alizadehkhaiyat, O., & Clifford, T. (2017). A2 Milk Enhances Dynamic Muscle Function Following Repeated Sprint Exercise, a Possible Ergogenic Aid for A1-Protein Intolerant Athletes? Nutrients 2017, Vol. 9, Page 94, 9(2), 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU9020094 | |
dc.relation.references | Klitzke Borszcz, F., Tramontin, A. F., & Costa, V. P. (2020). Reliability of the Functional Threshold Power in Competitive Cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(3), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1055/A-1018-1965/ID/R7265-0016/BIB | |
dc.relation.references | Kozlowski, K. F., Ferrentino-Depriest, A., & Cerny, F. (2021). Effects of Energy Gel Ingestion on Blood Glucose, Lactate, and Performance Measures During Prolonged Cycling. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 35(11), 3111–3119. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003297 | |
dc.relation.references | Kulich, K. R., Madisch, A., Pacini, F., Piqué, J. M., Regula, J., Van Rensburg, C. J., Újszászy, L., Carlsson, J., Halling, K., & Wiklund, I. K. (2008). Reliability and validity of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) and Quality of Life in Reflux and Dyspepsia (QOLRAD) questionnaire in dyspepsia: A six-country study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 6, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-6-12 | |
dc.relation.references | Lee, E. C., Fragala, M. S., Kavouras, S. A., Queen, R. M., Pryor, J. L., & Casa, D. J. (2017). Biomarkers in sports and exercise: Tracking health, performance, and recovery in athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(10), 2920–2937. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002122 | |
dc.relation.references | Lee, J. K. W., Maughan, R. J., Shirreffs, S. M., & Watson, P. (2008). Effects of milk ingestion on prolonged exercise capacity in young, healthy men. Nutrition, 24(4), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NUT.2008.01.001 | |
dc.relation.references | Lepers, R., Hausswirth, C., Maffiuletti, N., Brisswalter, J., & Hoecke, J. Van. (2000). Evidence of neuromuscular fatigue after prolonged cycling exercise. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 32(11), 1880–1886. http://www.acsm-msse.org | |
dc.relation.references | Lepers, R., Maffiuletti, N. A., Rochette, L., Brugniaux, J., & Millet, G. Y. (2002). Neuromuscular fatigue during a long-duration cycling exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(4), 1487–1493. https://doi.org/10.1152/JAPPLPHYSIOL.00880.2001/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/DG0421453002.JPEG | |
dc.relation.references | Lewis, M. D., Young, W. B., Knapstein, L., Lavender, A., & Talpey, S. W. (2021). Countermovement jump variables not tensiomyography can distinguish between sprint and endurance focused track cyclists. Biology of Sport, 39(1), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.5114/BIOLSPORT.2022.103572 | |
dc.relation.references | Lodefalk, M., Åman, J., & Bang, P. (2008). Effects of fat supplementation on glycaemic response and gastric emptying in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 25(9), 1030–1035. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1464-5491.2008.02530.X | |
dc.relation.references | López Grueso, R. (2019). Periodization of nutrition in cycling: something basic!!! Journal of Science and Cycling, 8(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.28985/1807.JSC.01 | |
dc.relation.references | López-Chicharro, J., & Fernández-Vaquero, A. (2006). Fisiología del Ejercicio (3a ed.). Médica Panamericana, S.A. http://fisico.uta.cl/documentos/fisiologia/Fisiolog%C3%ADa%20del%20Ejercicio,%20L%C3%B3pez%20Chicharro.pdf | |
dc.relation.references | Lunn, W., Colletto, M., Rodriguez, N., Pasiakos, S., Karfonta, K., Carbone, J., & Anderson, J. (2011). Chocolate Milk and Endurance Exercise Recovery: Protein Balance, Glycogen, and Performance. Medicina & Science in Sports & Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000385622.48600.1e | |
dc.relation.references | Maroto-Izquierdo, S., Bautista, I. J., & Rivera, F. M. (2020). Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) after a single-bout of high-intensity flywheel resistance training. Biology of Sport, 37(4), 343–350. https://doi.org/10.5114/BIOLSPORT.2020.96318 | |
dc.relation.references | Martín-Aragón, S. (2006). Dispepsia funcional. Farmacia Profesional, 20(10), 50–55. https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-farmacia-profesional-3-articulo-dispepsia-funcional-13095630 | |
dc.relation.references | Mazdeh, F. Z., Moradi, Z., Moghaddam, G., Moradi-Khatoonabadi, Z., Aftabdari, F. E., Badaei, P., & Hajimahmoodi, M. (2016). Determination of Synthetic Food Colors, Caffeine, Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in Sports Drinks. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 15(1), 183–188. https://doi.org/10.4314/TJPR.V15I1.25 | |
dc.relation.references | McCann, M. R., & Flanagan, S. P. (2010). The effects of exercise selection and rest interval on postactivation potentiation of vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(5), 1285–1291. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E3181D6867C | |
dc.relation.references | McErlain-Naylor, S., King, M., & Pain, M. T. G. (2014). Determinants of countermovement jump performance: a kinetic and kinematic analysis. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(19), 1805–1812. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.924055 | |
dc.relation.references | Menzel, H.-J., Sanna, J., Lima, B., Peixoto, G. H., Santos Araújo, S. R., Monteiro, T., & Pereira De Andrade, A. G. (2015). RELIABILITY OF KINETIC VARIABLES OF SQUAT JUMPS WITH DIFFERENT STARTING POSITIONS AFTER CRITERION BASED FAMILIARIZATION. ISBS - Conference Proceedings Archive. https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/6419 | |
dc.relation.references | Mezzani, A. (2017). Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: Basics of methodology and measurements. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 14, S3–S11. https://doi.org/10.1513/ANNALSATS.201612-997FR/SUPPL_FILE/DISCLOSURES.PDF$AUTHORDISCLOSURES | |
dc.relation.references | Miall, A., Khoo, A., Rauch, C., Snipe, R. M. J., Camões-Costa, V. L., Gibson, P. R., & Costa, R. J. S. (2018). Two weeks of repetitive gut-challenge reduce exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(2), 630–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/SMS.12912 | |
dc.relation.references | Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. (2006). Decreto 616 de 2006. https://www.ica.gov.co/getattachment/15425e0f-81fb-4111-b215-63e61e9e9130/2006d616.aspx | |
dc.relation.references | Mitchell, C. J., & Sale, D. G. (2011). Enhancement of jump performance after a 5-RM squat is associated with postactivation potentiation. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(8), 1957–1963. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-010-1823-X/METRICS | |
dc.relation.references | Moir, G., Sanders, R., Button, C., & Glaister, M. (2005). The influence of familiarization on the reliability of force variables measured during unloaded and loaded vertical jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19(1), 140–145. https://doi.org/10.1519/14803.1 | |
dc.relation.references | MTB Direct. (n.d.). Elite Direto XR-T Interactive Trainer. Retrieved March 10, 2025, from https://www.mtbdirect.com.au/products/elite-direto-xr-t-interactive-trainer?srsltid=AfmBOopaGI4j7IKk5b_c4-nxJDtOVqf9VtoFxqwI4kjqQ7SNTuMaYbXT | |
dc.relation.references | Muros, J. J., Sánchez-Muñoz, C., Campos, D., Hinojosa-Nogueira, D., Rufián-Henares, J. Á., Mateo-March, M., & Zabala, M. (2022). Nutritional Habits of Professional Cyclists during Pre-Season. Nutrients, 14(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183695 | |
dc.relation.references | Nakamura, K., Sengoku, Y., Ogata, H., Watanabe, K., Shirai, Y., & Nabekura, Y. (2020). Effects of Endurance Training on the Relationship Between Blood Glucose, Lactate, and Hormones During Incremental Running Test. Int. J. Sport Health Sci. Paper : Physiology 189 International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 18, 189–196. http://taiiku-gakkai.or.jp/ | |
dc.relation.references | Nibali, M. L., Tombleson, T., Brady, P. H., & Wagner, P. (2015). Influence of familiarization and competitive level on the reliability of countermovement vertical jump kinetic and kinematic variables. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2827–2835. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000964 | |
dc.relation.references | Odell, O. J., Podlogar, T. I. M., & Wallis, G. A. (2020). Comparable Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation from Lactose or Sucrose during Exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 52(12), 2663. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002426 | |
dc.relation.references | Odell, O. J., & Wallis, G. A. (2021). The application of lactose in sports nutrition. International Dairy Journal, 116, 104970. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IDAIRYJ.2020.104970 | |
dc.relation.references | Ormsbee, M. J., Bach, C. W., & Baur, D. A. (2014). Pre-Exercise Nutrition: The Role of Macronutrients, Modified Starches and Supplements on Metabolism and Endurance Performance. Nutrients 2014, Vol. 6, Pages 1782-1808, 6(5), 1782–1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/NU6051782 | |
dc.relation.references | Palacios, G., & Maroto-Sánchez, B. (2015). Biomarkers of physical activity and exercise. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 31, 237–244. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2015.31.sup3.8771 | |
dc.relation.references | Panoutsakopoulos, V., & Bassa, E. (2023). Countermovement Jump Performance Is Related to Ankle Flexibility and Knee Extensors Torque in Female Adolescent Volleyball Athletes. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 2023, Vol. 8, Page 76, 8(2), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/JFMK8020076 | |
dc.relation.references | Parnell, J. A., Wagner-Jones, K., Madden, R. F., & Erdman, K. A. (2020). Dietary restrictions in endurance runners to mitigate exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12970-020-00361-W/SUPPL_FILE/RSSN_A_12130170_SM0001.PDF | |
dc.relation.references | Portnoy, M., & Barbano, D. M. (2021). Lactose: Use, measurement, and expression of results. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(7), 8314–8325. https://doi.org/10.3168/JDS.2020-18706 | |
dc.relation.references | Rankin, P., Landy, A., Stevenson, E., & Cockburn, E. (2018). Milk: An Effective Recovery Drink for Female Athletes. Nutrients, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/NU10020228 | |
dc.relation.references | Rankin, P., Lawlor, M. J., Hills, F. A., Bell, P. G., Stevenson, E. J., & Cockburn, E. (2018). The effect of milk on recovery from repeat-sprint cycling in female team-sport athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme, 43(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1139/APNM-2017-0275 | |
dc.relation.references | Rønnestad, B. R., & Hansen, J. (2016). Optimizing Interval Training at Power Output Associated with Peak Oxygen Uptake in Well-Trained Cyclists. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(4), 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0B013E3182A73E8A | |
dc.relation.references | Silva, M. M., Reboredo, F. H., & Lidon, F. C. (2022). Food Colour Additives: A Synoptical Overview on Their Chemical Properties, Applications in Food Products, and Health Side Effects. Foods 2022, Vol. 11, Page 379, 11(3), 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/FOODS11030379 | |
dc.relation.references | Simões, H. G., Grubert Campbell, C. S., Kokubun, E., Denadai, B. S., & Baldissera, V. (1999). Blood glucose responses in humans mirror lactate responses for individual anaerobic threshold and for lactate minimum in track tests. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80(1), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/S004210050555 | |
dc.relation.references | Sociedad Castellano-Leonesa de Cardiología. (2023). Manual de Rehabilitación Cardíaca Castilla y León (MATA Digital S.L.). chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.socalec.net/_files/ugd/737c77_00b955acdc454849bab48949806132f8.pdf | |
dc.relation.references | Sperlich, B., Maximilian, J., Brown, L. E., Ekblom, M. M., Patikas, D. A., Blazevich, A. J., & Babault, N. (2019). Post-activation Potentiation Versus Post-activation Performance Enhancement in Humans: Historical Perspective, Underlying Mechanisms, and Current Issues. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 1359. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHYS.2019.01359 | |
dc.relation.references | Stannard, S. R., Hawke, E. J., & Schnell, N. (2009). The effect of galactose supplementation on endurance cycling performance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 63(2), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.1038/SJ.EJCN.1602924 | |
dc.relation.references | Steingoetter, A., Buetikofer, S., Curcic, J., Menne, D., Rehfeld, J. F., Fried, M., Schwizer, W., & Wooster, T. J. (2017). The Dynamics of Gastric Emptying and Self-Reported Feelings of Satiation Are Better Predictors Than Gastrointestinal Hormones of the Effects of Lipid Emulsion Structure on Fat Digestion in Healthy Adults—A Bayesian Inference Approach. The Journal of Nutrition, 147(4), 706–714. https://doi.org/10.3945/JN.116.237800 | |
dc.relation.references | Ter Steege, R. W. F., Van Der Palen, J., & Kolkman, J. J. (2008). Prevalence of gastrointestinal complaints in runners competing in a long-distance run: An internet-based observational study in 1281 subjects. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 43(12), 1477–1482. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520802321170 | |
dc.relation.references | Upshaw, A. U., Wong, T. S., Bandegan, A., & Lemon, P. W. R. (2016). Cycling time trial performance 4 hours after glycogen-lowering exercise is similarly enhanced by recovery nondairy chocolate beverages versus chocolate milk. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 26(1), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSNEM.2015-0056 | |
dc.relation.references | Valdés Martín, A., Rivas Estany, D. E., Tadiana, D., Aguilar, A., Lila, D., & Echevarr-Ía Sifontes, A. (2016). Utilidad de la Ergoespirometría en el diagnóstico y evaluación de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Revista Cubana de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, 22(1). | |
dc.relation.references | van Eijnatten, E. J. M., Camps, G., Guerville, M., Fogliano, V., Hettinga, K., & Smeets, P. A. M. (2024). Milk coagulation and gastric emptying in women experiencing gastrointestinal symptoms after ingestion of cow’s milk. Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 36(1), e14696. https://doi.org/10.1111/NMO.14696 | |
dc.relation.references | Vera Carrillo, D. (2021). Desarrollo de un Modelo Matemático de predicción de la Potencia generada por un ciclista usando variables Biométricas. Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena. | |
dc.relation.references | Vijayvargiya, P., Jameie-Oskooei, S., Camilleri, M., Chedid, V., Erwin, P. J., & Murad, M. H. (2019). Association between delayed gastric emptying and upper gastrointestinal symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut, 68(5), 804–813. https://doi.org/10.1136/GUTJNL-2018-316405 | |
dc.relation.references | Waggener, G. T. (2008). The Effects of Three Pre-Exercise Meals on Long and Short-Term Submaximal Cycling Endurance Exercise. Florida State University. | |
dc.relation.references | Watson, P., Love, T. D., Maughan, R. J., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2008). A comparison of the effects of milk and a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on the restoration of fluid balance and exercise capacity in a hot, humid environment. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 104(4), 633–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-008-0809-4 | |
dc.relation.references | Zuniga, J. M., Housh, T. J., Camic, C. L., Bergstrom, H. C., Traylor, D. A., Schmidt, R. J., & Johnson, G. O. (2013). Neuromuscular and metabolic comparisons between ramp and step incremental cycle ergometer tests. Muscle and Nerve, 47(4), 555–560. https://doi.org/10.1002/MUS.23606;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE/CHAPTER | |
dc.rights.license | Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional | |
dc.subject.lemb | Vacas | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Ciclismo | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Deportes | spa |
dc.subject.lemb | Cows | eng |
dc.subject.lemb | Cycling | eng |
dc.subject.lemb | Sports | eng |
dc.subject.other | Rendimiento deportivo | spa |
dc.subject.other | Sports performance | eng |
dc.subject.proposal | Ciclista | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Leche de vaca | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Glucosa | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Rendimiento deportivo | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Lactato | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Cyclist | eng |
dc.subject.proposal | Cow's milk | spa |
dc.subject.proposal | Glucose | eng |
dc.subject.proposal | Lactate | eng |
dc.subject.proposal | Countermovement Jump | eng |
dc.title | Efecto de la ingesta de leche de vaca descremada sobre el rendimiento de ciclistas jóvenes altamente entrenados | spa |
dc.title.translated | Effect of skimmed cow's milk intake on the performance of highly trained young cyclists | eng |
dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Maestría | |
dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc | |
dc.type.coarversion | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa | |
dc.type.content | Text | |
dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis | |
dc.type.redcol | http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM | |
dc.type.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion |