Connectivity between natural populations of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Echinometridae) throughout the Caribbean region

dc.contributor.advisorCampos Campos, Néstor Hernandospa
dc.contributor.authorBenavides Serrato, Milenaspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupFauna Marina Colombiana: Biodiversidad y Usosspa
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-09T13:25:57Zspa
dc.date.available2021-02-09T13:25:57Zspa
dc.date.issued2020-10-19spa
dc.description.abstractUno de los requerimientos básicos para el manejo y la conservación de las especies es la correcta definición de sus poblaciones, es decir, cuántas poblaciones puede haber en un área particular y cómo se conectan entre sí. Esto se puede lograr de manera más efectiva utilizando enfoques genéticos en las poblaciones a estudiar de una especie objeto para determinar la conectividad (flujo de genes) entre sitios de interés (por ejemplo, áreas marinas protegidas, áreas de pesca). En la provincia marina del Caribe, se han propuesto cuatro regiones de conectividad basados en complejos modelos hidrodinámicos de corrientes y datos genéticos especialmente de estudios de peces arrecifales del Caribe: Caribe Oriental, Caribe occidental, Bahamas y Panamá-Colombia. La dispersión es extensa dentro de las regiones, pero se desconoce la dispersión a lo largo de los bordes de esas regiones. Los esfuerzos para definir la conectividad marina y la estructura genética entre poblaciones se han centrado abrumadoramente en corales, esponjas y poblaciones de peces. En otros taxa marinos bien representados para el Caribe, faltan datos sobre la estructura genética de sus poblaciones y el flujo de genes. El erizo de mar Echinometra lucunter lucunter fue seleccionado como modelo para este estudio, principalmente debido a su amplia distribución en todo el Gran Caribe y sus características biológicas y ecológicas. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue postular conexiones a nivel genético entre poblaciones naturales de invertebrados marinos a través de la región del Caribe con base en la especie modelo escogida, detectando si las discontinuidades marinas que se han identificado para otros taxa afectan esa conectividad, actuando como barreras para el flujo genético. Con este preámbulo, se buscó responder las siguientes preguntas utilizando microsatélites como marcadores moleculares: 1) ¿Cómo es la estructura genética de Echinometra lucunter lucunter a través del Mar Caribe? y 2) ¿Existe alguna influencia de discontinuidades marinas previamente detectadas a otros taxa en la conectividad entre poblaciones naturales de Echinometra lucunter lucunter?. Para alcanzar los objetivos, se diseñaron 26 microsatélites específicos para la especie basados en técnicas de secuenciación (NGS); diez de ellos se utilizaron para detectar la estructura genética de las poblaciones de E. lucunter lucunter a través del área, con base en varios índices genéticos y paquetes estadísticos. Los resultados mostraron en todos los loci y en todas las localidades, una heterocigosidad observada inferior a la esperada, mostrando un alto déficit de heterocigosidad reflejado por la desviación significativa del equilibrio de Hardy-Weingberg y los valores altos y positivos del coeficiente de endogamia (FIS) en todas las poblaciones y en todos los sitios. Hay varias razones discutidas por varios autores que podrían explicar potencialmente este comportamiento: 1). La variedad de opciones de apareamiento ligado al reconocimiento de proteínas de gametos, 2) la presencia de grupos de reproducción espacial vinculados a la estocasticidad en el éxito reproductivo, 3) parches en la distribución de gametos y 4) la dispersión colectiva de larvas genéticamente relacionadas en el plancton. Los sitios dentro del mar Caribe escogidos para este estudio muestran una clara evidencia de estructuración y flujo genético para E. lucunter lucunter a lo largo del Mar Caribe. Es evidente la presencia de tres grupos genéticamente distintos, uno con las estaciones del mar Caribe colombiano (con diferencias significativas entre los sitios), un segundo grupo con las estaciones de Venezuela y Belice y un tercer grupo con la estación de Puerto Rico. La estructuración y el flujo genético evidenciado entre las poblaciones de E. lucunter lucunter aparentemente están relacionados con las discontinuidades marinas encontradas, tales como la influencia de factores físicos (como, por ejemplo, las corrientes marinas y las rupturas geomorfológicas), así como las características biológicas de la especie, los cuales también han sido detectados en otros taxa marinos estudiados en el Caribe. Con los resultados de esta investigación, se demuestra la influencia de discontinuidades (corrientes marinas y rompimientos geomorfológicos) en el comportamiento de la etapa larval de Echinometra lucunter lucunter, evidenciado con los mosaicos espaciales heterogéneos de dispersión marina de la especie a través del mar Caribe colombiano frente al escenario homogéneo que se muestra en la conexión genética a través del Mar Caribe Occidental. Los resultados de este trabajo tienen implicaciones importantes para la aplicación de estrategias de conservación y manejo de áreas marinas protegidas, y pueden generar aportes importantes para investigadores y tomadores de decisiones.spa
dc.description.abstractOne of the basic requirements for the management and conservation of species is the correct definition of their population structure, meaning, how many populations may be in a particular area and how they connect with each other. This can be achieved more effectively using genetic approaches to determine the connectivity (gene flow) between the sites of interest (e.g. marine protected areas, fishing areas). In the Caribbean marine province, four connectivity regions have been proposed based on complex hydrodynamic current models and genetic data from fish studies especially from the Eastern Caribbean, Western Caribbean, Bahamas and Panama–Colombia. Dispersal is extensive within regions, but dispersal across their boundaries is unknown. Efforts to define the marine connectivity and the genetic structure among populations have been focused overwhelmingly on corals, sponges and fish populations, however, in other well represented marine taxa in the Caribbean, data of their genetic structure and gene flow are lacking. The sea urchin Echinometra lucunter lucunter was selected as the model species for this study, mainly due to its wide distribution throughout the Caribbean Sea and its biological and ecological characteristics. The main objective of this research was to postulate connections at the genetic level between natural populations of marine invertebrates throughout the Caribbean Sea, using the chosen model specie to detect whether the marine discontinuities identified for other taxa affect their connectivity, acting as barriers to gene flow. With this preamble, it was sought to answer the following questions using microsatellites as molecular markers: 1) How is the genetic structure of Echinometra lucunter lucunter through the Caribbean Sea? and 2) Is there any influence from marine discontinuities previously detected to others taxa in the connectivity between natural populations of Echinometra lucunter lucunter? In order to reach the objectives, 26 specific microsatellites for E. lucunter lucunter were designed, ten of them were used to detect the genetic structure of E. lucunter lucunter populations through the Caribbean Sea. The results from all loci and all localities, showed lower heterozygosity than expected. This deficit in heterozygosity was identified by the significant deviation from the Hardy-Weingberg Equilibrium and the high/positive inbreeding coefficient (FIS) values in all sites. Several reasons could potentially explain this result: 1) the assortative matting linked to different gamete recognition proteins, 2) the presence of spatial breeding groups linked to stochasticity in reproductive success, 3) patchiness in gamete distribution and 4) the collective dispersal of genetically related larvae in the plankton. The Caribbean sites chosen for this study show a clear evidence of genetic structure and gene flow for E. lucunter lucunter through the Caribbean Sea. It is also evident the presence of three genetic different groups or populations: one corresponding to the Colombian Caribbean Sea sites (with significant differences among sites), a second related to the area of Venezuela and Belize, and a third group in Puerto Rico. The clear evidence of structure and gene flow between the populations of E. lucunter lucunter is apparently related to marine discontinuities found in other marine taxa studied before, such as the influence of physical factors (e.g. marine currents and the geomorphological breaks) and their variation through the area, as well as the biological characteristics of the specie. The results of this research demonstrate the influence of discontinuities (marine currents and geomorphological breaks) in the performance of Echinometra lucunter lucunter early life stages, evidenced in the heterogeneous spatial mosaics of marine dispersion through the Colombian Caribbean Sea vs. the homogeneous scenario shown in the genetic connexion through the West Caribbean Sea. The results of this work have important implications for the application of conservation and management strategies of Marine Protected Areas, because they generate important inputs for researchers and decision makers.spa
dc.description.degreelevelDoctoradospa
dc.description.projectThe influence of marine barriers on genetic connectivity among Colombian Caribbean rocky shore sea urchinsspa
dc.description.sponsorshipMinCIENCIASspa
dc.format.extent96spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.citationBenavides-Serrato, M. 2020. Connectivity between natural populations of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Echinometridae) throughout the Caribbean region. Thesis presented as a partial requirement to qualify for the title of Doctor en Ciencias-Biología. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Instituto de Estudios en Ciencias del Mar-CECIMAR, Sede Caribe. 96 p.spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79147
dc.language.isoengspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Caribespa
dc.publisher.departmentCentro de estudios en Ciencias del mar-CECIMARspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad Caribespa
dc.publisher.programCaribe - Caribe - Doctorado en Ciencias - Biologíaspa
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dc.rightsDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.spaAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.proposalFlujo Genéticospa
dc.subject.proposalCaribbean Seaeng
dc.subject.proposalmolecular markerseng
dc.subject.proposalmicrosatelliteseng
dc.subject.proposalmicrosatélitesspa
dc.subject.proposalgenetic population structureeng
dc.titleConnectivity between natural populations of the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea: Echinometridae) throughout the Caribbean regionspa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctoradospa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06spa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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