Obtención de materiales compuestos madero plásticos a partir de la mezcla de residuos lignocelulósicos y plásticos pos consumo

dc.contributor.advisorRojas González, Andrés Felipe
dc.contributor.advisorHidalgo Salazar, Miguel Angel
dc.contributor.authorLópez Rodríguez, Diego Fernando
dc.date.accessioned2022-08-10T16:22:37Z
dc.date.available2022-08-10T16:22:37Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.descriptionfotografías, gráficos, tablas.spa
dc.description.abstractActualmente, la ecología industrial y la ecoeficiencia son dos conceptos que guían el desarrollo de la industria colombiana mediante el aprovechamiento de materiales residuales como la biomasa y los plásticos pos consumo o pos industriales. En Colombia se produce una gran cantidad de residuos lignocelulósicos, al mismo tiempo que la generación de residuos plásticos aumenta como consecuencia de la alta demanda de polímeros. Con base en esto, la fabricación de materiales compuestos o biocompuestos se propone como solución sostenible a la producción de residuos. Este trabajo se realiza con el objetivo de obtener materiales compuestos a partir de la mezcla de residuos lignocelulósicos, tales como la estopa de coco (SC) y el cisco de café (CCa), con plásticos pos industriales, constituidos principalmente por polipropileno (PPR) y polietileno de alta densidad (PEADR). Los biocompuestos obtenidos fueron caracterizados por medio de ensayos mecánicos (tracción, flexión e impacto), por termogravimetría y calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), así como por pruebas físicas y químicas como densidad, absorción de agua, envejecimiento acelerado, análisis próximo, análisis último y poder calorífico. Entre los principales resultados se encuentran: i) el aumento en la resistencia a la tracción y la flexión del PPR reforzado con 30% de CCa (BC4), ii) el aumento en la densidad del PPR y el PEADR mezclados con CCa al 30%, iii) el alto porcentaje de absorción de agua del PPR y el PEADR reforzados con CCa al 30%, iv) la estabilidad en las propiedades de flexión proporcionada por el contenido de lignina presente en la SC, v) el aumento en la temperatura de degradación del PPR y del PEADR reforzados con SC al 10% y CCa al 30%, respectivamente, vi) el incremento en la temperatura y el porcentaje de cristalización del PPR mezclado con SC al 10%, vii) el margen de utilidad por venta de materiales compuestos (11%), viii) la estimación del punto de equilibrio del proceso (409 Ton/año), ix) el cálculo del periodo de recuperación de la inversión inicial (2.3 años), y x) la determinación del potencial por calentamiento global como el parámetro de mayor impacto ambiental generado por el proceso de extrusión de PPR. Finalmente, se puede concluir principalmente que los biocompuestos reforzados con CCa presentaron un mejor comportamiento mecánico si se comparan con las matrices poliméricas reforzadas con SC. Por otro lado, los resultados asociados a las pruebas térmicas se encuentran directamente relacionados con la incorporación de fibra vegetal y su composición estructural (contenido de hemicelulosa, celulosa y lignina). Adicionalmente se menciona que la obtención de materiales compuestos se ve influenciada en gran medida por los costos de la materia prima así como de la disponibilidad de la misma en áreas aledañas y cercanas al sitio de su procesamiento. (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractCurrently, industrial ecology and eco-efficiency are two concepts that guide the development of Colombian industry through the use of materials such as biomass and plastics. A large amount of lignocellulosic waste is produced in Colombia, at the same time as the plastic waste generation increases as a consequence of the high demand for polymers. Based on this, the manufacture of composite materials or biocomposites is proposed as a sustainable solution to the production of waste. This work is carried out with the objective of obtaining composite materials from the mixture of lignocellulosic waste, such as coconut tow (SC) and coffee cisco (CCa), with post industrial plastics, consisting mainly of polypropylene (PPR) and high density polyethylene (PEADR). The biocomposites were characterized by mechanical tests (tensile, bending and impact), thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as the physical tests as density, water absorption, accelerated aging, proximal analysis, ultimate analysis and calorific power. Among the main results are: i) the increase in tensile and flexural strength of reinforced PPR with 30% CCa (BC4), ii) the increase in density of mixed PPR and PEADR with CCa at 30% , iii) the high percentage of water absorption of PPR and PEADR reinforced with 30% CCa, iv) stability in the properties of flexion and the content of lignin present in the SC, v) the increase of degradation temperature in reinforced PPR and PEADR with 10% SC and 30% CCa, respectively, and vi) the increase in temperature and the crystallization percentage of PPR mixed with 10% SC. Finally, it can be concluded that the reinforced biocompounds with CCa have a better mechanical behavior and are compared with the polymer reinforced matrices with SC. On the other hand, the results associated with the thermal tests are directly related to the incorporation of vegetable fiber and its structural composition (content of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). Additionally, it is mentioned that the obtaining of composite materials is extremely influenced by the costs of the raw material as well as the availability of the same in nearby areas and close to the site of its processing.eng
dc.description.curricularareaQuímica Y Procesosspa
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagíster en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Químicaspa
dc.format.extent127 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/81837
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Manizalesspa
dc.publisher.departmentDepartamento de Ingeniería Químicaspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ingeniería y Arquitecturaspa
dc.publisher.placeManizales, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programManizales - Ingeniería y Arquitectura - Maestría en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Químicaspa
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dc.rights.licenseReconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc670 - Manufactura::679 -Otros productos de materiales específicosspa
dc.subject.proposalBiocompuestospa
dc.subject.proposalResiduospa
dc.subject.proposalMaterial lignocelulósicospa
dc.subject.proposalPlástico pos industrialspa
dc.subject.proposalFibraspa
dc.subject.proposalBiocompositeeng
dc.subject.proposalWasteeng
dc.subject.proposalLignocellulosic materialeng
dc.subject.proposalPost industrial plasticeng
dc.subject.proposalFibereng
dc.subject.unescoTratamiento de desechosspa
dc.subject.unescoWaste treatmenteng
dc.titleObtención de materiales compuestos madero plásticos a partir de la mezcla de residuos lignocelulósicos y plásticos pos consumospa
dc.title.translatedObtaining wood plastic composite materials from the mixture of lignocellulosic and post-consumer plastics wasteeng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
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