Relación entre factores bióticos y abióticos en los cultivos de guayaba con la infestación de picudo (conotrachelus psidii, coleóptera: curculionidae) en Puente Nacional (Santander, Colombia)
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Machuca Mesa, Laura Marcela
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Trabajo de grado - Maestría
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2014
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Los insectos que son “plagas” causan daño a los sistemas naturales y aquellos que son manejados por el hombre y durante mucho tiempo se ha demostrado que las plagas generan resistencia a los pesticidas y se ha generado un problema ambiental con el mal uso de dichos productos. Los cultivos de guayaba en el país actualmente son atacados por picudo lo que genera grandes pérdidas económicas. En la actualidad los programas agrícolas están dirigidos a controlar las plagas juntando conocimientos biológicos, culturales y químicos, pues estas prácticas son de bajo costo y no degradan el medio ambiente. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer y analizar algunos de los factores bióticos y abióticos que afectan la infestación de picudo a cultivos de guayaba; adicional a esto se estudió el crecimiento en diámetro polar y ecuatorial de frutos sanos e infestados a través del tiempo de desarrollo. Se analizó el crecimiento de 508 frutos en cuatro meses y la edad más vulnerable a la infestación; adicional a esto registros de daño en flores y botones florales. Para establecer las relaciones entre factores bióticos y abióticos con la infestación se tuvieron en cuentas las siguientes variables: altitud de la finca, altura de las plantas, cobertura de las plantas, distancia de siembra, aplicación de insecticidas y aplicación de fertilizantes. Los botones presentaron daño ocasionado por consumo y un desarrollo de tipo exponencial en 30 días de crecimiento. El crecimiento de los frutos sanos e infectados tardo en promedio 120 días y el diámetro ecuatorial y polar presento un crecimiento ajustado a la curva de Gompertz, dividida en tres etapas que se caracterizaron por la velocidad de crecimiento. La región estudiada presenta un porcentaje de infestación del 60% donde los cultivos no tecnificados alrededor de los cultivos pueden estar explicando cerca del 61% de la infestación, factores abióticos como temperatura, humedad y precipitación o factores biológicos como otras plagas pueden estar determinando el restante porcentaje de infestación. Las fincas estudiadas presentaron perdidas de aproximadamente de 3 toneladas de fruta por la infestación de picudo. Finalmente se concluye que las hembras de picudo solo ovipositan en los frutos y con preferencia en las primeras edades del desarrollo, dentro de los factores que se estudiaron y que explican la infestación son los cultivos de guayaba no tecnificados alrededor de los cultivos tecnificados.
Abstract. The insect "pests "cause damage to natural systems and culture has long been demonstrated that pests develop resistance to pesticides and has generated an environmental problem. Guava crops in the country are attacked by the weevil causing economic losses. At present farm programs are aimed at controlling pests with biological, cultural and chemical knowledge , as these practices are inexpensive and do not degrade the environment. The objective of this research was to analyze some of the biotic and abiotic factors affecting infestation of crops guava weevil, en Puente Nacional (Santander), in addition to this growth was studied in polar and equatorial diameter of healthy fruit infested through the development time. Additional records of this damage flowers and flower buds, the growth of 480 fruits in four months and the most vulnerable to infestation age were analyzed. To establish the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors with infestation took into account the following variables: altitude of the farm, plant height, coverage, planting distance, application of insecticides and fertilizer application. The buttons had damage caused by consumption and exponential growth in 30 days. The growth of healthy and infected fruits slow on average 120 days and the polar and equatorial diameter presented a growth adjusted Gompertz curve, divided into three stages which are characterized by the growth rate. The study region has a percentage of 60% infestation where wild guava trees around crops can be explaining about 61% of the infestation, abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and precipitation o biotic factors as others pests can be given the remainder of infestation. Farms studied had lost about 3 tons of fruit for weevil infestation. The conclude that female weevils oviposit only in fruit and preferably in the early ages, one of the factors which may explain the infestation is wild guava trees around crops.
Abstract. The insect "pests "cause damage to natural systems and culture has long been demonstrated that pests develop resistance to pesticides and has generated an environmental problem. Guava crops in the country are attacked by the weevil causing economic losses. At present farm programs are aimed at controlling pests with biological, cultural and chemical knowledge , as these practices are inexpensive and do not degrade the environment. The objective of this research was to analyze some of the biotic and abiotic factors affecting infestation of crops guava weevil, en Puente Nacional (Santander), in addition to this growth was studied in polar and equatorial diameter of healthy fruit infested through the development time. Additional records of this damage flowers and flower buds, the growth of 480 fruits in four months and the most vulnerable to infestation age were analyzed. To establish the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors with infestation took into account the following variables: altitude of the farm, plant height, coverage, planting distance, application of insecticides and fertilizer application. The buttons had damage caused by consumption and exponential growth in 30 days. The growth of healthy and infected fruits slow on average 120 days and the polar and equatorial diameter presented a growth adjusted Gompertz curve, divided into three stages which are characterized by the growth rate. The study region has a percentage of 60% infestation where wild guava trees around crops can be explaining about 61% of the infestation, abiotic factors such as temperature, humidity and precipitation o biotic factors as others pests can be given the remainder of infestation. Farms studied had lost about 3 tons of fruit for weevil infestation. The conclude that female weevils oviposit only in fruit and preferably in the early ages, one of the factors which may explain the infestation is wild guava trees around crops.