Efecto de la suplementación lipídica en vacas Holstein lactantes, sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche, perfil metabólico y su asociación con la expresión génica en tejido mamario

dc.contributor.advisorBolívar Vergara, Diana Maríaspa
dc.contributor.advisorEcheverri Zuluaga, José Juliánspa
dc.contributor.advisorBarahona Rosales, Rolandospa
dc.contributor.advisorLópez Herrera, Albeirospa
dc.contributor.advisorGómez Martínez, Juan Estebanspa
dc.contributor.advisorRodríguez Osorio, Nélidaspa
dc.contributor.authorBarrientos Grajales, Sorany Milenaspa
dc.contributor.corporatenameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellínspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupBiodiversidad y Génetica Molecular \'BIOGEM\'spa
dc.date.accessioned2020-11-24T16:18:57Zspa
dc.date.available2020-11-24T16:18:57Zspa
dc.date.issued2020-11-11spa
dc.description.abstractLa leche es un alimento de origen animal que desde hace muchos años ha formado parte de la dieta humana y representa para la población una fuente fundamental de nutrientes y energía en las distintas etapas de la vida. Desde el punto de vista nutricional, la leche es un alimento básico en el marco de una dieta equilibrada, ya que en su composición están presentes numerosos nutrientes esenciales para la salud y el bienestar humano en cantidades relativamente elevadas, y con una adecuada biodisponibilidad. Siendo la leche una fuente importante de ácidos grasos, principalmente saturados, su consumo se ha disminuido o ha sido reemplazado por otro tipo de productos, con el fin de reducir la ingesta de este tipo de nutrientes que en los últimos años se ha asociado con el incremento del colesterol sanguíneo y con un mayor riesgo de ateroesclerosis y enfermedades coronarias. Sin embargo, estudios recientes muestran que el consumo de productos lácteos tiene efectos benéficos para la salud, debido a la gran cantidad de nutrientes que conforman la matriz compleja de este alimento, a demás, se han encontrado beneficios adicionales si estos productos se encuentran enriquecidos con acidos grasos monoinsaturados (MUFA). La leche producida en los sistemas de lechería especializada en pastoreo, cuenta con un mayor contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados en comparación con otros sistemas, lo cual constituye una ventaja para el desarrollo de estrategias que permitan incrementar los contenidos de ácidos grasos insaturados (UFA). La suplementación con fuentes lipídicas es una de ellas, sin embargo, la síntesis de la grasa láctea depende de multiples factores ambientales, fisiológicos y nutricionales, los cuales interactúan entre si e influyen en el metabolismo del tejido mamario y en la expresión génica. Dentro del complejo enzimático que participa en la síntesis de ácidos grasos (AG), se encuentra la estearoil CoA desaturasa, encargada en insertar insaturaciones en el carbono 9 de los AG de 10 a 18 carbonos y es la responsable de la síntesis endógena del ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA). El gen que codifica para esta enzima tiene un polimorfismo que se ha asociado con mayores contenidos de UFA en leche, pero aun se desconoce su frecuencia en poblaciones bovinas del país. Como respuesta a esta problemática se plantea la presente investigación que tiene como objetivo evaluar la relación del polimorfismo A293V del gen SCD1 con la composición de la leche y la grasa láctea, así como el efecto de la suplementación lipídica, sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche, algunos parámetros metabólicos y su asociación con la expresión génica en tejido mamario de vacas Holstein lactantes. Para tal fin se planteó el desarrollo de esta investigación en tres fases: en la primera fase se determinó las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas del polimorfismo A293V del gen SCD1, encontrando que el genotipo AA es el más abundante en la población Holstein de Antioquia, además los animales que presentaron dicho genotipo mostraron un mayor contenido de grasa en la leche en términos de porcentaje y kilogramos, respecto a los animales con genotipo VV. Adicionalmente, los animales con genotipos AA y AV presentan mejores contenidos de ácido miristoleico (C14:1 cis-9) y una mayor conversión del ácido saturado C14:0 a su forma monoinsaturada, aunque no hubo efecto significativo sobre la insaturación de los ácidos grasos C16:0, C18:0 y C18:1 tras-11. En la segunda fase, se realizó una técnica de gas in vitro como prueba preliminar para seleccionar el tratamiento que se implementaría en el ensayo in vivo, en ella se estudió el proceso de biohidrogenación ruminal de los aceites de girasol y linaza, solos o mezclados con aceite de pescado, identificando que todos los aceites evaluados, redujeron la digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) de manera significativa y la digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra en detergente neutro (DIVFDN) fue afectada por la inclusión de aceite de girasol. Así mismo, el aceite de pescado mostró tener un efecto protector durante las primeras 12 horas de incubación, sobre la biohidrogenación de los UFA de 18 carbonos y los ácidos grasos polinsaturados (PUFA), cuando se mezcla con aceite de linaza. En la tercera y última fase, teniendo en cuenta los resultados de la prueba in vitro, se desarrolló un experimento en el cual se evaluó el efecto de la inclusión de 700 gr/día de aceite de girasol en la dieta de vacas lactantes, sobre la expresión génica del tejido mamario. Se identificaron 13 genes expresados diferencialmente (DEGs), los cuales participan principalmente en procesos de respuesta inmune, diferenciación celular y trasporte de membrana, además, los genes más abundantes dentro del transcriptoma mamario correspondieron a las principales proteínas de la leche (CSN1S1, CSN2, PAEP (LGB), CSN3, CSN1S2 y LALBA). Finalmente, se analizó el efecto de la suplementación lipídica sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche y sobre algunos metabolitos sanguíneos. A partir de este análisis se estableció que el aceite de girasol tiene efectos significativos sobre el perfil lipídico de la leche, reduciendo el contenido de algunos de los SFA de cadena corta y media. Adicionalmente se indentificó que su inclusión a razón de 700 gr/día en dietas de vacas lactantes, no afectó el consumo de matería seca del forraje ni los niveles sanguíneos de los metabolitos evaluados.La presente investigación brinda nuevo conocimiento respecto al impacto que tiene la suplementación lipídica en la dinámica ruminal, el perfil metabólico y en los mecanismos moleculares que se desarrollan en la glándula mamaria de vacas lactantes, contribuyendo al desarrollo de estrategias desde un enfoque genético y nutricional para el mejoramiento de la calidad composicional de los productos lácteos.spa
dc.description.abstractMilk is a food of animal origin that for several years has been part of the human diet and represents for the population a fundamental source of nutrients and energy in the different stages of life. From a nutritional point of view, milk is a basic food in the framework of a balanced diet, since its composition contains many nutrients essential for human health and well-being in relatively high quantities, and with adequate bioavailability. As milk is an important source of fatty acids, mainly saturated, its consumption has been reduced or has been replaced by other types of products, in order to reduce the intake of this type of nutrients that in recent years has been associated with increase in blood cholesterol and with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. However, recent studies show that the consumption of dairy products has beneficial effects on health, due to the large amount of nutrients that make up the complex matrix of this food, additional benefits have been found if these products are enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Milk produced in specialized grazing dairy systems has a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids compared to other systems, which constitutes an advantage for the development of strategies that allow increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Supplementation with lipid sources is one of them, however, the synthesis of milk fat depends on multiple environmental, physiological and nutritional factors, which interact with each other and influence the metabolism of breast tissue and gene expression. Within the enzymatic complex that participates in the synthesis of fatty acids (FA), is the stearoyl CoA desaturase, responsible for inserting unsaturations in carbon 9 of the FAs of 10 to 18 carbons and is responsible for the endogenous synthesis of linoleic acid conjugate (CLA). The gene that codes for this enzyme has a polymorphism that has been associated with higher UFA contents in milk, but its frequency in bovine populations of the country is still unknown. In response to this problem, the present investigation is proposed that aims to evaluate the relationship of the A293V polymorphism of the SCD1 gene with the composition of milk and milk fat, as well as the effect of lipid supplementation on the fatty acid profile of milk, some metabolic parameters and their association with gene expression in breast tissue of lactating Holstein cows. For this purpose, the development of this research in three phases was proposed: in the first phase, the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the A293V polymorphism of the SCD1 gene were determined, finding that the AA genotype is the most abundant in the Holstein population of Antioquia, in addition to Animals that presented this genotype showed a higher fat content in milk in terms of percentage and kilograms, compared to animals with VV genotype. Additionally, animals with AA and AV genotypes have better myristoleic acid contents (C14: 1 cis-9) and a higher conversion of C14: 0 saturated acid to its monounsaturated form, although there was no significant effect on the unsaturation of fatty acids. C16: 0, C18: 0 and C18: 1 after -11 In the second phase, an in vitro gas technique was performed as a preliminary test to select the treatment that would be implemented in the in vivo test, in it the ruminal biohydrogenation process of sunflower and linseed oils was studied, alone or mixed with fish oil, identifying that all the evaluated oils reduced the in vitro digestibility. of dry matter (DIVMS) significantly and in vitro fiber digestibility in neutral detergent (DIVFDN) was affected by the inclusion of sunflower oil. Likewise, fish oil was shown to have a protective effect during the first 12 hours of incubation, on the biohydrogenation of 18-carbon UFA and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), when mixed with linseed oil. In the third and last phase, taking into account the results of the in vitro test, an experiment was developed in which the effect of the inclusion of 700 gr / day of sunflower oil in the diet of lactating cows was evaluated, on the gene expression of breast tissue. Thirteen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, which mainly participate in immune response processes, cell differentiation and membrane transport, in addition, the most abundant genes within the mammary transcriptome corresponded to the main milk proteins (CSN1S1, CSN2, PAEP (LGB), CSN3, CSN1S2 and LALBA). Finally, the effect of lipid supplementation on the fatty acid profile of milk and on some blood metabolites was analyzed. From this analysis it was established that sunflower oil has significant effects on the lipid profile of milk, reducing the content of some of the short and medium chain SFAs. Additionally, it was identified that its inclusion at a rate of 700 gr / day in the diets of lactating cows did not affect the dry matter intake of the forage or the blood levels of the metabolites evaluated. The present research provides new knowledge regarding the impact of lipid supplementation on ruminal dynamics, metabolic profile and molecular mechanisms that develop in the mammary gland of lactating cows, contributing to the development of strategies from a genetic and nutritional approach to improving the compositional quality of dairy products.spa
dc.description.degreelevelDoctoradospa
dc.format.extent217spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.citationBarrientos Grajales S.M. 2020. Efecto de la suplementación lipídica en vacas Holstein lactantes, sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche, perfil metabólico y su asociación con la expresión génica en tejido mamariospa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/78650
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellínspa
dc.publisher.departmentDepartamento de Producción Animalspa
dc.publisher.programMedellín - Ciencias Agrarias - Doctorado en Ciencias Agrariasspa
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dc.rightsDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.spaAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc590 - Animales::599 - Mamíferosspa
dc.subject.ddc630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animalspa
dc.subject.proposalGenotipospa
dc.subject.proposalMilkeng
dc.subject.proposalBihydrogenationeng
dc.subject.proposalLechespa
dc.subject.proposalGrasaspa
dc.subject.proposalFateng
dc.subject.proposalBiohidrogenaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalTranscriptomeeng
dc.subject.proposalMetabolismeng
dc.subject.proposalTranscriptomaspa
dc.subject.proposalLipidseng
dc.subject.proposalMetabolismospa
dc.subject.proposalLípidosspa
dc.subject.proposalFateng
dc.subject.proposalGenotypeeng
dc.titleEfecto de la suplementación lipídica en vacas Holstein lactantes, sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche, perfil metabólico y su asociación con la expresión génica en tejido mamariospa
dc.title.alternativeEffect of lipid supplementation in lactating Holstein cowa on the fatty acid profile of milk, metabolic profile and its association with gene expression in mammary tissuespa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
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