Estudio del potencial inhibitorio de los constituyentes químicos presentes en Hypericum mexicanum (Hypericaceae) sobre las enzimas lipasa pancreática y α-glucosidasa

dc.contributor.advisorPatiño Ladino, Oscar Javierspa
dc.contributor.advisorPrieto Rodríguez, Juliet Angélicaspa
dc.contributor.authorRodriguez Larrota, Haroldspa
dc.date.accessioned2025-04-07T17:03:00Z
dc.date.available2025-04-07T17:03:00Z
dc.date.issued2025-04-04
dc.descriptionilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías a color, tablasspa
dc.description.abstractLa obesidad y la diabetes, dos de las principales causas de mortalidad, también contribuyen al desarrollo de otras enfermedades crónicas como las cardiovasculares y renales. Un enfoque prometedor para el tratamiento de estas patologías es la inhibición de las enzimas lipasa pancreática (LP) y α-glucosidasa (AG), clave en el metabolismo de lípidos y carbohidratos. Aunque los fármacos sintéticos como orlistat y acarbosa son efectivos, sus efectos secundarios han impulsado la búsqueda de alternativas más seguras, como los compuestos vegetales (flavonoides, terpenoides y ácidos fenólicos), que han mostrado propiedades inhibitorias. La presente investigación contribuye a la búsqueda de moléculas con potencial inhibitorio frente a LP y AG a partir del estudio químico y de inhibición enzimática de metabolitos secundarios presentes en las partes aéreas de Hypericum mexicanum. La metodología incluyó el desarrollo de un estudio fitoquímico del extracto etanólico de partes aéreas de H. mexicanum para aislar e identificar compuestos que posteriormente se evaluaron como inhibidores de las enzimas LP y AG. Finalmente, se determinaron los mecanismos de inhibición enzimática sobre las dos enzimas de los compuestos bioactivos provenientes de H. mexicanum. El estudio fitoquímico permitió determinar que las fracciones DCM, AcOMe, iPrOH y EtOH: H2O 8:2 tienen la capacidad de inhibir la LP y AG. Sin embargo, las fracciones DCM y AcOMe concentraron la mayor diversidad química y están entre las fracciones más activas, por lo que fueron seleccionadas para continuar con el estudio químico. A partir de estas fracciones se aislaron: dos dímeros de acilfloroglucinol (3-preniluliginosina C (Hm-1) y uliginosina C (Hm-2)), tres xantonas preniladas (hyperixantona B (Hm-3), hyperixantona A (Hm-4) y assiguxantona A (Hm-12)), tres acilfloroglucinoles tipo cromano (mexicacina A-C (Hm-5, Hm-6 y Hm-7)), cuatro acilfloroglucinoles prenilados (mexicalina A-D (Hm-8, Hm-9, Hm-10 y Hm-11)) y un flavonoide (quercetina (Hm-13)). Cabe destacar que los compuestos Hm-4, Hm-8, Hm-10–Hm-13 son reportados por primera vez en esta especie, mientras que Hm-3, Hm-5, Hm-6, Hm-7 y Hm-9 hasta nuestro conocimiento no han sido reportados previamente en la literatura. Los compuestos Hm-1, Hm-3 y la mezcla Hm-8/9 fueron las sustancias activas sobre LP, siendo Hm-1 el más activo con CI50 de 22.88 µM. Para AG, el compuesto Hm-12 y la mezcla Hm-10/11 causaron inhibición de la enzima, siendo Hm-12 el más activo con un CI50 de 109.52 µM, superando incluso el valor del control positivo (acarbosa). Los estudios cinéticos sugirieron que Hm-1 y la mezcla Hm-8/9 actúan como inhibidores mixtos de LP, mientras que Hm-3 mostró un mecanismo acompetitivo. En cuanto a AG, Hm-12 presentó un mecanismo no competitivo, lo que resalta su potencial farmacológico como antihiperglucemiante en el tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 2. Además, se lograron establecer relaciones estructura-actividad. En la inhibición de la LP, la presencia de un grupo isoprenilo y O-prenilo mejoraron la actividad de los acilfloroglucinoles. Asimismo, las xantonas con un anillo tetrahidrofuránico aumentaron la inhibición de LP. En la inhibición de la AG, en los núcleos de acilfloroglucinoles la presencia de un grupo isoprenilo mejora significativamente la actividad inhibidora, mientras que los grupos O-prenilo disminuyen la inhibición. En las xantonas, la introducción de dos grupos prenilo y un grupo carbonilo α,β-insaturado reduce la actividad inhibitoria sobre AG. Este estudio constituye el primer reporte sobre el efecto del extracto etanólico, las fracciones y los compuestos obtenidos de las partes aéreas de H. mexicanum frente a LP y AG, ya que no existen registros previos en la literatura del potencial frente a estas enzimas, abriendo nuevas posibilidades para el desarrollo de terapias farmacológicas contra la obesidad y la diabetes tipo 2 (Texto tomado de la fuente).spa
dc.description.abstractObesity and diabetes, two of the leading causes of mortality, also contribute to the development of other chronic conditions such as cardiovascular and renal diseases. A promising approach for the treatment of these pathologies is the inhibition of pancreatic lipase (PL) and α-glucosidase (AG), key enzymes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Although synthetic drugs such as orlistat and acarbose are effective, their side effects have driven the search for safer alternatives, such as plant-derived compounds (flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic acids), which have shown inhibitory properties. This research contributes to the search for molecules with inhibitory potential against PL and AG through the chemical and enzymatic inhibition study of secondary metabolites present in the aerial parts of Hypericum mexicanum. The methodology included a phytochemical study of the ethanolic extract of aerial parts of H. mexicanum to isolate and identify compounds that were subsequently evaluated as inhibitors of PL and AG. Finally, the enzymatic inhibition mechanisms of the bioactive compounds from H. mexicanum were determined. The phytochemical study revealed that the DCM, AcOMe, iPrOH, and EtOH:H₂O 8:2 fractions have the ability to inhibit PL and AG. However, the DCM and AcOMe fractions showed the greatest chemical diversity and were among the most active, thus selected for further chemical investigation. From these fractions, the following compounds were isolated: two acylphloroglucinol dimers (Hm-1, Hm-2), three prenylated xanthones (Hm-3, Hm-4, Hm-12), three chromane-type acylphloroglucinols (Hm-5, Hm-6, Hm-7), four prenylated acylphloroglucinols (Hm-8, Hm-9, Hm-10, Hm-11), and one flavonoid (Hm-13). Notably, compounds Hm-4, Hm-8, Hm-10–Hm-13 are reported for the first time in this species, while Hm-3, Hm-5, Hm-6, Hm-7, and Hm-9 have not, to our knowledge, been previously reported in the literature. Compounds Hm-1, Hm-3, and the Hm-8/9 mixture were active against PL, with Hm-1 being the most active, showing an IC₅₀ of 22.88 µM. Regarding AG, compound Hm-12 and the Hm-10/11 mixture inhibited the enzyme, with Hm-12 being the most active (IC₅₀ = 109.52 µM), even outperforming the positive control (acarbose). Kinetic studies suggested that Hm-1 and the Hm-8/9 mixture act as mixed-type inhibitors of PL, while Hm-3 exhibited an uncompetitive mechanism. For AG, Hm-12 showed a non-competitive inhibition mechanism, highlighting its pharmacological potential as an antihyperglycemic agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Additionally, structure–activity relationships were established. In PL inhibition, the presence of isoprenyl and O-prenyl groups enhanced the activity of acylphloroglucinols. Similarly, xanthones containing a tetrahydrofuran ring increased PL inhibition. Regarding AG inhibition, in acylphloroglucinol cores, the presence of an isoprenyl group significantly enhanced inhibitory activity, whereas O-prenyl groups reduced inhibition. In xanthones, the introduction of two prenyl groups and an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group reduced inhibitory activity against AG. This study constitutes the first report on the effect of the ethanolic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds from the aerial parts of H. mexicanum against PL and AG, as no prior records exist in the literature regarding their potential toward these enzymes, opening new avenues for the development of pharmacological therapies against obesity and type 2 diabetes.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagister en Ciencias Farmacéuticasspa
dc.description.methodsPara el fraccionamiento del extracto se empleó cromatografía líquida al vacío (CLV) utilizando como fase estacionaria sílica gel 60 F254 SiliaPlate de tamaño 5-20 μm (SiliCycle® Inc, Quebec, Canadá). Las separaciones cromatográficas se realizaron mediante dos técnicas: cromatografía flash (CF) y cromatografía por exclusión de tamaño (SEC). Para la CF, se utilizaron fases estacionarias de sílica gel P60 SiliaFlash® de tamaños de 40-63 μm y 20-45 μm (SiliCycle® Inc, Quebec, Canadá), así como sílica gel C18 (Merck®, Darmstadt, Alemania). En el caso de la SEC, se empleó Sephadex LH20 (Merck®, Darmstadt, Alemania) como fase estacionaria. Los estudios cromatográficos incluyeron el monitoreo del fraccionamiento y las purificaciones, que se realizaron mediante cromatografía en capa delgada (CCD) para el monitoreo y cromatografía en capa delgada preparativa (CCDP) para la purificación. Se emplearon cromatoplacas de sílica gel 60 F254 SiliaPlate™ (SiliCycle® Inc, Quebec - Canadá) y se utilizaron como reveladores luz UV (254 y 365 nm), vapores de yodo y vainillina al 0.1% en H2SO4. Los solventes utilizados para las separaciones cromatográficas fueron adquiridos grado técnico, se destilaron y secaron antes de su uso. La elucidación de los compuestos aislados se realizó mediante el empleo de técnicas espectroscópicas y por comparación con datos de literatura. Los espectros de RMN 1H, APT, COSY, HMQC y/o HMBC fueron tomados en el equipo Bruker Avance AC-400 (Bruker®, Billerica, MA, EE. UU.) utilizando solventes deuterados a una temperatura de 25 °C. Los desplazamientos químicos (δ) están expresados en partes por millón (ppm) y las constantes de acoplamiento (J) en Hertz (Hz). Las multiplicidades están asignadas como s = singlete, d = doblete, t = triplete, q= cuarteto, sext= sexteto, sept= septeto, dd = doble doblete y m = multiplete. Para la obtención de los espectros infrarrojo (IR) se empleó en un espectrómetro IRTracer-100 (Shimadzu®, Kioto, Japón). Para el análisis de espectrometría de masas de alta resolución (HRMS) se utilizó un sistema LC-MS-TOF (Shimadzu®, Kioto, Japón). Adicionalmente, los puntos de fusión se determinaron en un Electrothermal IA9000 (Electrothermal, Essex, Reino Unido). Las enzimas y sustratos empleados para los estudios de inhibición enzimática fueron adquiridas en Sigma-Aldrich, Darmstadt, Alemania: lipasa pancreática tipo (LP) II derivada del páncreas porcino (100-500 U/mg proteína, Sigma-Aldrich, EC. 3.1.1.3) y α-glucosidasa (AG) tipo I derivada de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (polvo liofilizado, ≥ 10 U/mg proteína, Sigma-Aldrich, EC. 3.2.1.20). Como sustratos se usaron los compuestos dodecanoato de 4-nitrofenilo (Sigma-Aldrich) para LP y 4-nitrofenol-α-D-glucopiranósido (Sigma-Aldrich) para AG. Los demás reactivos utilizados en los ensayos enzimáticos fueron de grado analítico, adquiridos comercialmente y usados sin tratamiento adicional. Las lecturas de absorbancia se realizaron en un lector de microplacas Thermo Scientific Multiskan GO (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, EE. UU.) Utilizando el software Skanlt RE 7.0.2. (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, EE. UU.).spa
dc.description.researchareaQuímica de Productos Naturalesspa
dc.format.extent154 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/87869
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Cienciasspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias Farmacéuticasspa
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dc.relation.referencesWorld Healtth Organization. (2023). WHO acceleration plan yo stop obesity. In eClinicalMedicine (Vol. 57). Elsevier Ltd.spa
dc.relation.referencesWu, X., Alam, M. Z., Feng, L., Tsutsumi, L. S., Sun, D., & Hurdle, J. G. (2014). Prospects for flavonoid and related phytochemicals as nature-inspired treatments for Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 116(1), 23–31.spa
dc.relation.referencesXiao, Z. Y., Shiu, W. K. P., Zeng, Y. H., Mu, Q., & Gibbons, S. (2008). A naturally occurring inhibitory agent from Hypericum sampsonii with activity against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(4), 250–253.spa
dc.relation.referencesXu, W. J., Zhu, M. Di, Wang, X. B., Yang, M. H., Luo, J., & Kong, L. Y. (2015). Hypermongones A-J, rare methylated polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols from the flowers of hypericum monogynum. Journal of Natural Products, 78(5), 1093–1100.spa
dc.relation.referencesYou, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, K., Zheng, X., Wong, V. K. W., & Liu, W. (2022). Inhibitory effect of plant essential oils on α-glucosidase. Food Science and Biotechnology, 31(12), 1593–1602.spa
dc.relation.referencesZhang, B. J., Fu, W. W., Wu, R., Yang, J. L., Yao, C. Y., Yan, B. X., Tan, H. S., Zheng, C. W., Song, Z. J., & Xu, H. X. (2019). Cytotoxic prenylated xanthones from the leaves of Garcinia bracteata. Planta Medica, 85(6), 444–452.spa
dc.relation.referencesZhang, J. J., Yang, X. W., Ma, J. Z., Liu, X., Yang, L. X., Yang, S. C., & Xu, G. (2014). Hypercohones D–G, New Polycyclic Polyprenylated Acylphloroglucinol Type Natural Products from Hypericum cohaerens. Natural Products and Bioprospecting, 4(2), 73–79.spa
dc.relation.referencesZhang, R., Ji, Y., Zhang, X., Kennelly, E. J., & Long, C. (2020). Ethnopharmacology of Hypericum species in China: A comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 254.spa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc610 - Medicina y salud::615 - Farmacología y terapéuticaspa
dc.subject.ddc610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedadesspa
dc.subject.ddc615.1901spa
dc.subject.decsMedicina Tradicionalspa
dc.subject.decsMedicine, Traditionaleng
dc.subject.decsDiabetes Mellitusspa
dc.subject.decsDiabetes Mellituseng
dc.subject.decsObesidadspa
dc.subject.decsObesityeng
dc.subject.decsMortalidadspa
dc.subject.decsMortalityeng
dc.subject.decsEnfermedad Crónicaspa
dc.subject.decsChronic Diseaseeng
dc.subject.decsEnfermedades Cardiovascularesspa
dc.subject.decsCardiovascular Diseaseseng
dc.subject.decsEnfermedades Renalesspa
dc.subject.decsKidney Diseaseseng
dc.subject.decsManejo de la Enfermedadspa
dc.subject.decsDisease Managementeng
dc.subject.decsalfa-Glucosidasasspa
dc.subject.decsalpha-Glucosidaseseng
dc.subject.decsFitoquímicosspa
dc.subject.decsPhytochemicalseng
dc.subject.proposalα-glucosidasaspa
dc.subject.proposalLipasa pancreáticaspa
dc.subject.proposalDerivados de acilfloroglucinolspa
dc.subject.proposalXantonas preniladasspa
dc.subject.proposalHypericum mexicanumspa
dc.subject.proposalα-glucosidaseeng
dc.subject.proposalPancreatic lipaseeng
dc.subject.proposalAcylphloroglucinol derivativeseng
dc.subject.proposalPrenylated xanthoneseng
dc.subject.proposalHypericum mexicanumeng
dc.titleEstudio del potencial inhibitorio de los constituyentes químicos presentes en Hypericum mexicanum (Hypericaceae) sobre las enzimas lipasa pancreática y α-glucosidasaspa
dc.title.translatedStudy of the inhibitory potential of chemical constituents in hypericum mexicanum (Hypericaceae) on pancreatic lipase and α-Glucosidase enzymeseng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentPúblico generalspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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