Determinación de los hábitos dietarios de Anopheles darlingi proveniente de dos comunidades indígenas del Amazonas Colombiano

dc.contributor.advisorCamargo Pinzon, Sandra Milenaspa
dc.contributor.advisorPatarroyo Gutiérrez, Manuel Alfonsospa
dc.contributor.authorMolano Rodriguez, Maira Alejandraspa
dc.coverage.countryColombiaspa
dc.coverage.regionAmazonasspa
dc.date.accessioned2025-04-03T14:14:32Z
dc.date.available2025-04-03T14:14:32Z
dc.date.issued2024
dc.descriptionilustraciones, diagramas, mapas, tablasspa
dc.description.abstractLa malaria es una enfermedad causada por parásitos del género Plasmodium, transmitidos al ser humano a través de la picadura de mosquitos hembra del género Anopheles. Se considera la enfermedad de mayor impacto en salud pública entre las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETV). Los países tropicales y subtropicales cuentan con condiciones ambientales propicias para la proliferación del vector y la transmisión eficiente de la infección, lo que convierte a algunas de estas regiones en zonas endémicas para la malaria. Esta situación, sumada a los recursos limitados para el desarrollo de políticas públicas de control de enfermedades infecciosas en los países en vías de desarrollo, representa un desafío importante a nivel de políticas de salud. Aunque la implementación de estrategias terapéuticas, como el desarrollo de medicamentos, ha contribuido significativamente a reducir la carga de malaria, estas iniciativas no han sido suficientes para detener la transmisión de los parásitos en humanos. Es esencial enfocar los esfuerzos en esquemas de prevención durante la etapa asintomática de la enfermedad, con el fin de interrumpir fases críticas del ciclo de vida del parásito, como la fase sexual en el hospedero definitivo (el insecto). El uso de insecticidas de amplio espectro, aplicados en mosquiteros o mediante aspersión intradomiciliaria, sigue siendo una herramienta clave para el control vectorial y la prevención de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, factores ambientales como el cambio climático y la deforestación, junto con factores sociales como el desplazamiento de la población, han alterado la ecología y el comportamiento de los vectores, provocando cambios en la distribución de la malaria, con brotes en nuevas áreas o reemergencias en zonas previamente controladas. Es crucial realizar estudios epidemiológicos y entomológicos que ayuden a comprender la frecuencia de infección por Plasmodium spp. y la ecología de los vectores involucrados, para replantear las estrategias de control. En Colombia, la cuenca del Amazonas es un foco de transmisión parasitaria y carga de malaria, siendo una región endémica debido a sus características climáticas, como la alta humedad y temperaturas entre 26 y 28 °C, óptimas para la reproducción del vector. La presencia de abundantes cuerpos de agua (ríos, charcos y lagunas) proporciona criaderos ideales para los mosquitos, mientras que la densa cobertura forestal de la selva amazónica contribuye a su proliferación. Además, el acceso limitado a los servicios de salud en las comunidades indígenas dificulta el diagnóstico y tratamiento oportuno de enfermedades endémicas como la malaria. La alta circulación de esta enfermedad en la región se ve favorecida por la movilidad de la población entre zonas de alta y baja transmisión, la presencia de múltiples especies de Plasmodium y factores antropogénicos como la deforestación, la minería y la construcción de asentamientos humanos cerca de fuentes de agua. Para su estudio y control, se emplean métodos microscópicos, pruebas rápidas, estudios entomológicos, serológicos, de biología molecular y modelos epidemiológicos, los cuales han revelado una alta frecuencia de infección por Plasmodium vivax y Plasmodium falciparum en humanos, además de un subregistro de Plasmodium malariae. Investigaciones a nivel microgeográfico en comunidades indígenas como Tipisca y Doce de Octubre identificaron a Anopheles darlingi como el vector predominante. Ambas comunidades están ubicadas en el departamento del Amazonas colombiano; Doce de Octubre se encuentra en el municipio de Puerto Nariño, mientras que Tipisca está aproximadamente a dos horas de distancia. Estas comunidades forman parte de una serie de asentamientos indígenas que se extienden a lo largo del río Loretoyacu, conectando Puerto Nariño con la frontera peruana. Considerando que la malaria es un problema de salud pública relevante y que Anopheles darlingi es un vector de importancia en la transmisión de la enfermedad en Colombia, pero que existe poca información sobre su biología y comportamiento en el Amazonas Colombiano, se planteó el presente trabajo. En un estudio transversal retrospectivo realizado previamente, se reportó la abundancia de A. darlingi en dos comunidades indígenas del Amazonas Colombiano: Doce de Octubre y Tipisca, en un momento específico (junio de 2016). El presente proyecto tuvo como objetivo identificar las fuentes de alimentación con sangre de A. darlingi en el contexto de las infecciones por Plasmodium spp. en las comunidades indígenas de Doce de Octubre y Tipisca en al Amazonas colombiano, mediante análisis de un subconjunto de muestras que hacían parte del proyecto anterior. Este estudio se enmarcó en el proyecto “Estrategias de prevención y control de la malaria en la región amazónica en respuesta a un brote reciente de la enfermedad” (proyecto BPIN-266, convenio especial de cooperación No.0020 entre la Gobernación del Amazonas y la Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia), la fuente de muestra consistió en especímenes de A. darlingi capturados en dos comunidades indígenas durante el mes de junio de 2016. El muestreo se realizó en la comunidad Tipisca en dos ocasiones (Tp1 y Tp2) (3°41'49.96''S; 70°35:06.42''O), y una vez en la comunidad Doce de Octubre (DO) (3°44'14.04'' S; 70°30'08.45''O). Para la captura de los vectoresse empleó la técnica típica de cebo humano protegido. La colecta se realizó durante tres días consecutivos entre las 6:00 pm y 11:00 pm, sin impactar la representatividad, debido a las condiciones logísticas y que en estas horas se presenta uno de los mayores picos de actividad nocturna, con periodos de captura de 50 minutos y 10 minutos de descanso. Se consideraron tres ecotopos diferentes: intradomiciliario (dentro de la vivienda de estudio), peridomiciliario (área ubicada 10 metros alrededor intradomicilio) y extradomiciliario (área situada desde el borde del peridomicilio en adelante). Cada espécimen fue almacenado individualmente en tubos con gel de sílice, etiquetado con la hora de muestreo, el ecotopo y la comunidad de origen, y transportado en cadena de frío al laboratorio, donde se realizó su sacrificio (manteniéndolos en cadena de frio) y posterior procesamiento. Para cumplir con el objetivo del proyecto, se realizó disección del abdomen de los especímenes recolectados. La extracción del ADN se realizó usando el kit comercial Quick Extract Solution 1.0 (Lucigen®), siguiendo las instrucciones del fabricante. La detección de Plasmodium spp. en los mosquitos A. darlingi se llevó a cabo mediante PCR convencional para la detección de secuencias específicas de ADN del parásito proveniente de los abdómenes diseccionados, utilizando los cebadores (rPLU5 y rPLU6) (Snounou et al., 1993). Los cebadores empleados están diseñados para amplificar regiones específicas del gen de la subunidad ribosomal 18S (18S-RNA), lo que permite una identificación a nivel de género de Plasmodium spp. Posteriormente, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 242 muestras de mosquitos, organizadas en 121 pools, para identificar las fuentes de alimentación sanguínea de origen vertebrado mediante secuenciación metagenómica shotgun en la plataforma Illumina NovaSeq. Para cumplir con el objetivo del estudio, se analizó el gen ARNr-12S del genoma mitocondrial, específico de vertebrados, debido a su alta conservación, ya que no está sometido a presión selectiva. Además, este gen contiene regiones variables características de cada grupo taxonómico y está presente en altas copias en la mitocondria, lo que facilita la detección de ADN incluso cuando se encuentra degradado o en baja abundancia. Asimismo, su amplia representación en bases de datos, lo convierte en un marcador ideal para estudios de metagenómica. El análisis de las secuencias comenzó con la evaluación de la calidad y limpieza mediante FastQC, MultiQC y Trimmomatic. Las fuentes de alimentación sanguínea se infirieron mediante BLASTn utilizando un conjunto de datos de referencia con secuencias de 12SrRNA de vertebrados del Amazonas colombiano, potenciales fuentes de alimentación para los mosquitos. La base de datos obtenida fue indizada y utilizada con Centrifuge v.1.0.3-beta para analizar las lecturas y determinar las preferencias alimentarias de A. darlingi. Los resultados se convirtieron al formato Kraken-Report y se visualizaron con Pavian y el paquete gplot en RStudio. De los 121 pools,se detectaron 45 fuentes de alimentación sanguínea, siendo la más frecuente la sangre humana (76,8%), seguida de murciélagos (10,5%), roedores (4,4%) y Didelphidae (tipo de marsupiales) (3,9%). En particular, Doce de Octubre mostró una mayor diversidad de vertebrados como fuente de alimentación para los mosquitos en comparación con la comunidad Tipisca, destacando especies como Tonatia saurophila (murciélago) y Procyon lotor (mapache) como principales fuentes de alimentación sanguinea. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la abundancia de vertebrados que son fuente de alimentación sanguínea de Anopheles entre los distintos ecotopos. Específicamente, Cavia porcellus (cuy) y Carollia perspicillata (murciélago) fueron más prevalentes en ambientes extradomiciliarios, mientras que Sus scrofa (jabalí) fue más abundante en áreas peridomiciliarias. El análisis multivariado reveló asociaciones entre las comunidades Tipisca y Doce de octubre y las fuentes de alimentación, mostrando una menor probabilidad de encontrar especies como Procyon lotor (mapache) (razón de momios ajustada [aOR]: 0,31; IC del 95% 0,11-0,84) y Homo sapiens (hombre) (aOR: 0,15; IC del 95% 0,09-0,56) en la comunidad de Tipisca. Además, se identificaron asociaciones positivas entre Carollia perspicillata (murciélago) (aOR 3,64; IC del 95% 1,63- 8,11), Procyon lotor (mapache) (aOR 2,07; IC del 95% 1,02-4,58) y Cavia porcellus (murciélago) (aOR 3,00; IC del 95% 1,29-6,96) con ecotopos extradomiciliarios. Finalmente, se encontró una asociación positiva significativa entre los mosquitos positivos para Plasmodium spp. y aquellos que se alimentaron de Homo sapiens (humano) (aOR 2,21; IC del 95% 1,57-5,44). Dado que la presente investigación utilizó muestras del estudio de Prado et al. (2019), cuyo objetivo fue la identificación taxonómica y molecular de especies del género Anopheles, así como la determinación de la frecuencia de infección por Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae y P. falciparum, es posible que el método de captura mediante cebo humano haya influido en los resultados, favoreciendo la identificación del ser humano como una fuente de alimentación sanguínea prevalente. Este estudio pionero en la Amazonía colombiana describe las fuentes de alimentación sanguínea de Anopheles darlingi mediante tecnología de secuenciación de alto rendimiento, lo que resulta fundamental para comprender los ciclos de transmisión de parásitos e identificar los hospedadores involucrados en su propagación, lo que a futuro contribuirá en el desarrollo de estrategias efectivas de control de vectores, reduciendo el contacto entre hospedadores, vectores y humanos. En este sentido, fomentar la presencia de los vertebrados identificados cerca de los asentamientos humanos podría contribuir a disminuir la incidencia de picaduras en personas en regiones endémicas de malaria. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan información clave sobre los ciclos de transmisión y la dinámica de la enfermedad, resaltando la importancia de los programas de vigilancia y control. Asimismo, subrayan el papel de los reservorios no humanos en la reducción de la transmisión parasitaria y la influencia de factores ambientales en la propagación de la malaria, dado que estos afectan tanto la ecología del vector como la del parásito. Factores como la temperatura, la humedad, la deforestación, la actividad humana y el cambio climático inciden en la abundancia de Anopheles, la velocidad de transmisión y la distribución geográfica de la enfermedad (Texto tomado de la fuente).spa
dc.description.abstractMalaria is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, transmitted to humans through the bite of female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. It is considered the vectorborne disease with the greatest public health impact. Tropical and subtropical countries provide favorable environmental conditions for vector proliferation and efficient infection transmission, making some of these regions endemic for malaria. This situation, combined with limited resources for developing public policies to control infectious diseases in developing countries, poses a major challenge for health policy management. Although the implementation of therapeutic strategies, such as drug development, has significantly contributed to reducing the malaria burden, these initiatives have not been sufficient to halt parasite transmission in humans. It is essential to focus efforts on preventive strategies during the asymptomatic stage of the disease to interrupt critical phases of the parasite's life cycle, such as the sexual stage in the definitive host (the insect). The use of broad-spectrum insecticides, applied in bed nets or through indoor residual spraying, remains a key tool for vector control and disease prevention. However, environmental factors such as climate change and deforestation, along with social factors like population displacement, have altered vector ecology and behavior, leading to changes in malaria distribution, with outbreaks in new areas or reemergence in previously controlled regions. Conducting epidemiological and entomological studies is crucial to understanding the frequency of Plasmodium spp. infections and the ecology of the vectors involved, thereby refining control strategies. In Colombia, the Amazon basin is a hotspot for parasite transmission and malaria burden, being an endemic region due to its climatic characteristics, such as high humidity and temperatures ranging from 26 to 28 °C, which are optimal for vector reproduction. The presence of abundant water bodies (rivers, ponds, and lagoons) provides ideal breeding sites for mosquitoes, while the dense forest coverage of the Amazon rainforest contributes to their proliferation. Additionally, limited access to healthcare services in indigenous communities hinders timely diagnosis and treatment of endemic diseases such as malaria. The high circulation of malaria in the region is influenced by population mobility between high- and low-transmission areas, the presence of multiple Plasmodium species, and anthropogenic factors such as deforestation, mining, and the establishment of human settlements near water sources. For malaria research and control, microscopic methods, rapid diagnostic tests, entomological surveys, serological studies, molecular biology techniques, and epidemiological models have revealed a high frequency of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in humans, along with an underreporting of Plasmodium malariae. Microgeographic investigations in indigenous communities such as Tipisca and Doce de Octubre identified Anopheles darlingi as the predominant vector. Both communities are located in the Colombian Amazon department; Doce de Octubre is in the municipality of Puerto Nariño, while Tipisca is approximately two hours away. These communities are part of a network of indigenous settlements along the Loretoyaco River, connecting Puerto Nariño with the Peruvian border. Given that malaria is a significant public health concern and that Anopheles darlingi is an important vector for disease transmission in Colombia, little information is available on its biology and behavior in the Colombian Amazon. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the abundance of A. darlingi in two indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazon—Doce de Octubre and Tipisca—at a specific time point (June 2016). The analyzed data originated from past events, with no intervention in the present study regarding these samples. This study aimed to identify the blood-feeding sources of A. darlingi in the context of Plasmodium spp. infections in these communities. This study was part of the project "Strategies for Malaria Prevention and Control in the Amazon Region in Response to a Recent Malaria Outbreak" (BPIN-266 project, special cooperation agreement No. 0020 between the Amazonas Governor’s Office and the Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia). The sample source consisted of A. darlingi specimens captured in two indigenous communities during June 2016. Sampling was conducted twice in Tipisca (Tp1 and Tp2) (3°41'49.96''S; 70°35'06.42''W) and once in Doce de Octubre (DO) (3°44'14.04''S; 70°30'08.45''W). The mosquito collection method used was human landing catch (HLC) with protective measures. The collection was carried out over three consecutive nights between 6:00 PM and 11:00 PM, ensuring representativeness despite logistical constraints, as these hours correspond to a peak in nocturnal mosquito activity. Collection periods lasted 50 minutes, followed by 10- minute rest intervals. Three ecotopes were considered: indoor (inside the study dwelling), peridomestic (within a 10-meter radius around the dwelling), and outdoor (beyond the peridomestic area). Each specimen was individually stored in tubes with silica gel, labeled with the collection time, ecotope, and community of origin, and transported under a cold chain to the laboratory, where they were euthanized under the same conditions and subsequently processed. To achieve the study’s objective, the abdomens of the collected specimens were dissected. DNA extraction was performed using the Quick Extract Solution 1.0 commercial kit (Lucigen®), following the manufacturer's instructions. The detection of Plasmodium spp. in A. darlingi mosquitoes was carried out through conventional PCR targeting specific parasite DNA sequences from the dissected abdomens, using primers rPLU5 and rPLU6 (Snounou et al., 1993). These primers amplify specific regions of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA), allowing for Plasmodium genus-level identification. Subsequently, 242 mosquito samples were randomly selected and grouped into 121 pools to identify vertebrate blood-feeding sources using shotgun metagenomic sequencing on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. To fulfill the study’s objective, the 12S rRNA gene of the mitochondrial genome was analyzed, as it is vertebrate-specific and highly conserved due to the absence of selective pressure. Additionally, this gene contains variable regions characteristic of each taxonomic group and is present in high copy numbers in mitochondria, facilitating the detection of DNA even when degraded or in low abundance. Moreover, its extensive representation in reference databases makes it an ideal marker for metagenomic studies. FastQC, MultiQC and Trimmomatic tools were used for quality and cleanliness assessment. BLASTn was used for inferring blood food sources via a reference dataset compiled from 12S-rRNA sequences from vertebrates native to Colombia’s Amazon region, i.e. potential food sources for mosquitoes. The resulting database was indexed and used with Centrifuge v.1.0.3-beta for analysing the reads and determining A. darlingi food preferences. The results were converted to Kraken-Report format and visualised by Pavian web application for exploring metagenomics classification and gplot in RStudio. From the 121 analyzed pools, 45 blood-feeding sources were identified, with human blood being the most frequent (76.8%), followed by bats (10.5%), rodents (4.4%), and marsupials of the Didelphidae family (3.9%). Notably, a greater diversity of vertebrate blood sources was observed in the Doce de Octubre community compared to Tipisca, with Tonatia saurophila (bat) and Procyon lotor (raccoon) being among the primary blood sources. Statistically significant differences were found in the abundance of vertebrates used as blood sources by Anopheles across different ecotopes. Specifically, Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) and Carollia perspicillata (bat) were more prevalent in peridomestic environments, whereas Sus scrofa (wild boar) was more abundant in peridomestic areas. Multivariate analysis revealed associations between the Tipisca and Doce de Octubre communities and their blood-feeding sources, showing a lower probability of detecting species such as Procyon lotor (raccoon) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.11–0.84) and Homo sapiens (human) (aOR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.09–0.56) in Tipisca. Additionally, positive associations were identified between Carollia perspicillata (bat) (aOR: 3.64; 95% CI: 1.63–8.11), Procyon lotor (raccoon) (aOR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.02–4.58), and Cavia porcellus (guinea pig) (aOR: 3.00; 95% CI: 1.29–6.96) with extradomestic ecotopes. Finally, a significant positive association was found between Plasmodium spp.-positive mosquitoes and those that had fed on Homo sapiens (human) (aOR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.57–5.44). Since this study utilized samples from Prado et al. (2019), which aimed to identify Anopheles species taxonomically and molecularly and determine infection frequencies of Plasmodium vivax, P. malariae, and P. falciparum, the use of human-baited traps may have influenced the results, leading to a higher detection rate of humans as a primary blood source. This pioneering study in the Colombian Amazon describes the blood-feeding sources of Anopheles darlingi using high-throughput sequencing technology, which is essential for understanding parasite transmission cycles. Identifying the vertebrate hosts involved in Plasmodium transmission could contribute to the development of effective vector control strategies by reducing contact between hosts, vectors, and humans. In this regard, promoting the presence of the identified vertebrates near human settlements may help decrease human biting rates in malaria-endemic regions. The findings provide critical insights into transmission cycles and disease dynamics, emphasizing the importance of surveillance and control programs. Additionally, they highlight the role of non-human reservoirs in reducing parasite transmission and the influence of environmental factors on malaria spread, as these affect both vector and parasite ecology. Variables such as temperature, humidity, deforestation, human activity, and climate change influence Anopheles abundance, transmission rates, and the geographical distribution of the disease.eng
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagíster en Ciencias – Microbiologíaspa
dc.description.methodsLas muestras de este estudio fueron recolectadas en junio de 2016 en dos comunidades indígenas del Amazonas colombiano con alta prevalencia de malaria, en respuesta a un brote registrado en la región en 2015 (Camargo et al., 2018; Camargo-Ayala et al., 2016; Prado et al., 2019). Las comunidades indígenas Tipisca y Doce de Octubre forman parte de una serie de asentamientos ubicados a lo largo del río Loretoyacu, conectando Puerto Nariño con la frontera peruana. Se tomaron dos muestras en la comunidad Tipisca (Tp1 y Tp2) (3°41'49.96''S; 70°35'06.42''O) y una en Doce de Octubre (DO) (3°44'14.04''S; 70°30'08.45''O) (Figura 8). La recolección de mosquitos se realizó mediante el método de cebo humano protegido, según lo descrito previamente (Prado et al., 2019). En cada comunidad, se seleccionó una vivienda con base en las recomendaciones de los trabajadores de salud locales. Se consideraron tres ecotopos distintos: intradomiciliario (interior de la vivienda de estudio), peridomiciliario (área situada en un radio de 10 metros alrededor de la vivienda) y extradomiciliario (zona a partir del límite del peridomicilio hacia el exterior).spa
dc.description.researchareaInvestigación Científica en Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Básicaspa
dc.format.extent99 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/87831
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Cienciasspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Microbiologíaspa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseReconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedadesspa
dc.subject.ddc610 - Medicina y salud::615 - Farmacología y terapéuticaspa
dc.subject.ddc610 - Medicina y salud::612 - Fisiología humanaspa
dc.subject.decsServicios Públicos de Saludspa
dc.subject.decsPublic Health Serviceseng
dc.subject.decsEnfermedades Endémicasspa
dc.subject.decsEndemic Diseaseseng
dc.subject.decsEpidemiologíaspa
dc.subject.decsEpidemiologyeng
dc.subject.decsMicrobiologíaspa
dc.subject.decsMicrobiologyeng
dc.subject.lembANOFELESspa
dc.subject.lembAnopheleseng
dc.subject.lembMALARIAspa
dc.subject.lembPROBLEMAS SOCIALESspa
dc.subject.lembSocial problemseng
dc.subject.lembCOMUNIDADES INDIGENASspa
dc.subject.lembIndigenous peopleseng
dc.subject.proposalA darlingispa
dc.subject.proposalSecuenciación de nueva generaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalHábitos dietariosspa
dc.subject.proposalAmazonia Colombianaspa
dc.subject.proposalA darlingi,eng
dc.subject.proposalNext-generation sequencingeng
dc.subject.proposalDietary habitseng
dc.subject.proposalColombian Amazoneng
dc.titleDeterminación de los hábitos dietarios de Anopheles darlingi proveniente de dos comunidades indígenas del Amazonas Colombiano
dc.title.translatedDetermination of the dietary habits of Anopheles darlingi from two indigenous communities in the Colombian Amazoneng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantesspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadoresspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentMaestrosspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentPersonal de apoyo escolarspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentPúblico generalspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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