Efecto del ambiente enriquecido posterior a la separación materna, sobre el bdnf y los astrocitos en la corteza cerebral de ratas wistar

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dc.contributor.advisorDueñas Gomez, Zulma Janeth
dc.contributor.authorFlórez Abreu, Steeven
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-03T18:25:44Z
dc.date.available2022-11-03T18:25:44Z
dc.date.issued2022-10-28
dc.descriptionilustraciones, fotografías a color, gráficasspa
dc.description.abstractLas interacciones madre-hijo influyen en la fisiología, desarrollo y el comportamiento durante las primeras semanas después del nacimiento. Como una experiencia adversa en la vida temprana, la separación materna (SM), produce trastornos de las funciones conductuales y neuroendocrinas en áreas cerebrales que construyen el eje emocional. Los estudios en roedores han demostraron que la separación prolongada causa una cantidad significativa de estrés. Las consecuencias de este estrés, particularmente la hiperreactividad del eje HPA (hipotalámico-pituitario-adrenal), se expresan en la edad adulta y persisten de por vida. Se ha propuesto al ambiente enriquecido (AE), como una estrategia para mitigar el impacto negativo reportados en los individuos que presentan estrés por separación materna, sin embargo, su efecto sobre estos individuos está determinado no solo por las características de este, sino también por la etapa, sexo y condiciones de la SM. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo consistió en evaluar el efecto de 15 dias de AE, sobre el Factor neutrofico derivado del cerebro (BDNF) como marcador de plasticidad y los astrocitos, como elementos multifuncionales, en ratas adolescentes, con estrés por separación materna. Metodología: 73 ratas (36 machos-37 hembras) se distribuyeron en dos categorías generales: Sin separación materna y ratas con separación materna, luego del destete dichas categorías se subdividieron en dos condiciones de vivienda (Estándar-A. enriquecido). Los animales fueron perfundidos con PFA al 4% en el dia postnatal (dpn) 36. Se realizó IHQ para BDNF y GFAP. Resultados: De acuerdo con los análisis realizados, la SM reduce la expresión de BDNF en Corteza prefrontal, hipocampo y amígdala, de manera similar la SM reduce el número de células positivas para GFAP y su complejidad, por su parte el ambiente enriquecido incrementó la expresión de BDNF y de células inmunomarcadas para GFAP. Conclusión: La SM afecta a la baja la expresión de marcadores de plasticidad, posiblemente generando trastornos del comportamiento y problemas de aprendizaje, sin embargo, el ambiente enriquecido, incrementa los niveles de expresión de BDNF y GFAP producidos por dicha adversidad temprana. (Texto tomado de la fuente)
dc.description.abstractMother-infant interactions influence physiology, development, and behavior during the first few weeks after birth. As an adverse experience in early life, maternal separation (MS), produces disorders of behavioral and neuroendocrine functions in brain areas that build the emotional axis. Studies in rodents have shown that prolonged separation causes a significant amount of stress. The consequences of this stress, particularly the hyperreactivity of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis, are expressed in adulthood and persist for life. The enriched environment (EE) has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate the negative impact reported in individuals who present stress due to maternal separation, however, its effect on these individuals is determined not only by its characteristics, but also by the stage, sex and conditions of MS. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of 15 days of EE on BDNF and astrocytes in adolescent rats, with stress due to maternal separation. Methodology: 73 rats (36 males-37 females) were distributed into two general categories: without maternal separation and rats with maternal separation, after weaning these categories were subdivided into two housing conditions (Standard-E. enriched). Animals were perfused with 4% PFA in postnatal day (PND) 36. IHC was performed for BDNF and GFAP. Results: According to the analyzes carried out, MS reduces the expression of BDNF in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygala. SM reduces the number of GFAP-positive cells and their complexity, for On the other hand, the enriched environment increased the expression of BDNF and of cells immunolabeled for GFAP. Conclusion: SM affects the expression of plasticity markers, possibly generating behavioral disorders and learning problems; however, the enriched environment increases the expression levels of BDNF and GFAP produced by such early adversity.
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.description.degreenameMagister en fisiologíaspa
dc.description.methodsPara este trabajo, los sujetos se distribuyeron en 8 grupos subdivididos en sujetos con exposición o no a los protocolos de Separación materna (SM) y el Ambiente Enriquecido (AE), (Grafico 1). En esta investigación, los sujetos fueron distribuidos en 2 categorías de crianza: individuos no expuestos a separación materna (N) (machos y hembras) e individuos expuestos a separación materna (S) (machos y hembras). Posteriormente cada condición de crianza se subdividió en dos condiciones de vivienda: Vivienda estándar (E) (machos y hembras) y vivienda de ambiente enriquecido (A) (machos y hembras), para un total de 8 grupos de experimentación, dentro de los cuales se incluyó un grupo (N) con condición de vivienda (E), NE, para ambos sexos (hembras: NEH; machos: NEM), que actuó como grupo control (grafico1). Gráfico 1. Diseño experimental y cronología de los grupos de trabajo. Procedimiento Separación materna - (SM) El grupo con tratamiento de crianza se sometió al protocolo de SM durante los días postnatales 1 al 21 (dpn) (El día 0 corresponde al nacimiento, por lo tanto, no se incluyó). Este procedimiento se llevó a cabo durante 21 días, cada día las crías se separaron 3 horas en la mañana (7:00 am a 10:00 am) y 3 horas en la tarde (1:00 pm - 4:00 pm). Gráfico 2. Asignación de vivienda a grupos de trabajo. Ambiente enriquecido (AE) Dos grupos no separados durante la lactancia (N) (uno por cada sexo) y dos grupos separados durante la lactancia (S) (Uno por cada sexo), se sometieron al protocolo de ambiente enriquecido durante los días postnatales 22 al 36. El AE contó con las siguientes características: Jaula: Se construyó a partir de la unión de dos jaulas estándar, ello con el objetivo de garantizar mayor espacio a las ratas, dimensión aproximada de (51 x 82 y 40 cm de alto) Duración AE: El tiempo de exposición al ambiente enriquecido fue de 15 días. Días de exposición a objetos: 24 horas, durante 15 días. Número de objetos: Un total de 6 objetos: 2 bloque de madera, 2 tubos de plástico cilíndricos, 1 material de anidación, 1 canasta. Cambio de objetos: Los objetos se reorganizaban y renovaban cada cuarto día, 5 objetos estuvieron dentro de la jaula y 1 estuvo afuera para ser usado como recambio cada cuarto día. Alimentación: Los animales tuvieron alimentación y agua constante, que fue reemplazada dos veces por semana y reubicada en diferentes lugares para favorecer el comportamiento exploratorio. Limpieza: Las jaulas fueron limpiadas y reorganizadas una vez por semana. Gráfico 3. Protocolo de ambiente enriquecido. Grupo control para ambos tratamientos experimentales Cada grupo experimental (SM y AE) durante los dos tipos de tratamientos, tuvo un grupo estándar cuyo protocolo correspondió a vivir en una jaula con medida estándar, ingesta de comida y agua estándar. Inmunohistoquímica Eutanasia - Perfusión Para la ejecución de este trabajo se emplearon un total de 74 ratas (37 hembras- 37 machos). Los individuos se separaron para estudio inmunohistoquímico el día dpn 37. Se realizó la sedación y conservación de tejidos mediante perfusión transcardiaca. Los sujetos de experimentación fueron pesados para calcular la cantidad del eutanásico a inyectar: peso en razón de 300 microlitros de solución de Euthanex por kilogramo de peso. Para la perfusión se utilizó solución salina 0,9% en volumen y solución de paraformaldehído al 4% en solución amortiguadora de fosfatos recientemente preparadas. El sistema de perfusión estuvo conformado por un equipo de venoclisis, con una llave de tres vías, donde una vía lleva la solución salina (500mL) y la otra la solución de paraformaldehído (anexo 1.). Posteriormente, se extrajo el cerebro y se almacenó en un recipiente con paraformaldehído al 4%; se mantuvo a 4ºC hasta su uso. Corte en criostato Los cerebros se transfirieron a una solución de sacarosa al 30% durante 7 horas aproximadamente, para su protección en frío. Al finalizar este período, los cerebros se congelaron en isopentano en hielo seco (-70 °C) y se almacenaron en un congelador a -70 °C, hasta el momento de su sección. Con un criostato (Leica CM1850) a 21 ° C , se realizó cortes de 21 μm de espesor. De cada cerebro se recolectaron y almacenaron secciones coronales de las áreas de estudio: Hipocampo, Amígdala y corteza prefrontal. Inmunohistoquímica Se realizó marcaje para el factor derivado del cerebro (BDNF) y para la proteína ácida glial fibrilar (GFAP), en las áreas de interés: corteza prefrontal, hipocampo y amígdala, tres cortes de cada área por cada uno de los individuos. Las secciones se procesaron en un estado de flotación libre para la detección de BDNF y GFAP. Inicialmente, los cortes se trataron durante 1 hora con suero de cabra normal al 3% en PBS (0,1 M) que contuviera a albúmina de suero bovino, (BSA) 1,5% y Triton X-100 para bloquear sitios de unión inespecíficos. Posteriormente, las secciones se incubaron durante 12 horas (GFAP) y 72 horas (BDNF) en los anticuerpos primarios, diluidos en PBS-BSA. Después de cinco enjuagues en PBS (15 min cada uno), las secciones se incubaron durante 1 hora a temperatura ambiente con anticuerpos secundarios biotinilados diluidos (Banqueri et al., 2019; Bautista y Dueñas, 2012). Después del lavado posterior en PBS, las secciones se incubaron durante 1 hora con complejo de estreptavidina-peroxidasa diluido. Luego se lavaron las secciones cinco veces en PBS, se realizó actividad de peroxidasa con clorhidrato de diaminobencidina (DAB) incluido en el mismo kit. Las secciones se montaron en portaobjetos recubiertos de gelatina, se secaron al aire y se cubrieron con citoresina para observación con un microscopio óptico (Banqueri et al., 2019; Bautista y Dueñas, 2012). Cuantificación de las células inmuno-marcadas Todas las imágenes fueron capturadas con un microscopio óptico (Carl Zeiss-AxioVert 40 CFL) y con cámara digital con el programa ZEN 2.3. Los sitios neuroanatómicos se identificaron con la ayuda del atlas de cerebro de rata de Paxinos (Paxinos y Watson, 2007). La cuantificación de la expresión de BDNF para la corteza prefrontal, hipocampo y amígdala se realizó a través del software específico Image-J y bajo la técnica de densitometría. Se tomaron 3 fotografías en cada región, por individuo. Las densidades de las células inmunorreactivas para GFAP se calcularon de manera manual a través del software específico Image-J. Para cada sujeto de todos los grupos se tomaron 3 fotos de las regiones inmunomarcadas. Como control de sesgo, otro investigador que no tenía conocimiento de las muestras de los grupos experimentales, repitió el conteo a fin de realizar un análisis sin dicha problemática. El análisis morfológico se realizó con el software específico Image-J y bajo la técnica de conteo de numero de brazos y puntos de ramificación, para lo cual, se escogieron 5 células por área y sujeto tomadas con el objetivo de 40X. Se seleccionaron células teniendo en cuenta que no se encontraran yuxtapuestas con otras. Se realizó una conversión de la imagen a escala de grises (8 bits), la reconstrucción de la célula se hizo de forma manual, y se realizó la respectiva cuantificación. Todas las imágenes utilizadas en el análisis se tomaron con el mismo microscopio y la misma configuración óptica (Banqueri et al., 2019; Bautista y Dueñas, 2012).spa
dc.description.researchareaNeurofisiología comportamentalspa
dc.format.extent99 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/82626
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Medicinaspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Medicina - Maestría en Fisiologíaspa
dc.relation.indexedRedColspa
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dc.relation.referencesYang, C.; Shirayama, Y.; Zhang, J.C.; Ren, Q.; Hashimoto, K. (2015). Regional differences in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and dendritic spine density confer resilience to inescapable stress. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18(7), pyu121. [http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/ijnp/pyu121] [PMID: 25568287]spa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc610 - Medicina y salud::612 - Fisiología humanaspa
dc.subject.lemNeurofisiologíaspa
dc.subject.lembNeurophysiologyeng
dc.subject.lembAdaptación - psicologíaspa
dc.subject.lembAdjustment (psychology)eng
dc.subject.proposalBDNFspa
dc.subject.proposalAstrocitosspa
dc.titleEfecto del ambiente enriquecido posterior a la separación materna, sobre el bdnf y los astrocitos en la corteza cerebral de ratas wistarspa
dc.title.translatedEffect of the enriched environment after maternal separation on bdnf and astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of wistar ratseng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TMspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantesspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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