Evaluación de impactos ambientales y costo-eficiencia de alternativas de ganadería sostenible en el trópico
| dc.contributor.advisor | Giraldo, Luis Alfonso | |
| dc.contributor.author | Pachón García, Sebastián Camilo | |
| dc.contributor.cvlac | Pachon Garcia, Sebastian Camilo [0001912515] | |
| dc.contributor.cvlac | Giraldo, Luis Alfonso [0000335177] | |
| dc.contributor.cvlac | Cano, Natalia [0001346539] | |
| dc.contributor.educationalvalidator | Cano, Natalia | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Pachon Garcia, Sebastian Camilo [000900061073435X] | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Giraldo, Luis Alfonso [0000000292791465] | |
| dc.contributor.orcid | Cano, Natalia [0000000278151461] | |
| dc.contributor.researchgate | Pachon Garcia, Sebastian Camilo [Sebastian-Pachon] | |
| dc.contributor.researchgate | Giraldo, Luis Alfonso [Natalia-Cano] | |
| dc.contributor.researchgate | Cano, Natalia [Luis-Giraldo-10] | |
| dc.contributor.researchgroup | Biotecnología Ruminal y Silvopastoreo "Biorum" | |
| dc.contributor.scopus | Pachon Garcia, Sebastian Camilo [59768334000] | |
| dc.contributor.scopus | Giraldo, Luis Alfonso [55396704600] | |
| dc.contributor.scopus | Cano, Natalia [56423410600] | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-02-20T15:19:42Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-02-20T15:19:42Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025 | |
| dc.description.abstract | La ganadería es un sector decisivo en las emisiones de GEI en Colombia, aportando alrededor del 14,7% del total nacional. Dentro del sector agropecuario, la ganadería representa entre el 50% y el 60% de las emisiones, unas 34,85 millones de toneladas de CO₂e por año. Sin embargo, la información disponible para condiciones de trópico sigue siendo limitada y depende en gran medida de factores y metodologías internacionales. El objetivo de esta tesis es evaluar los impactos ambientales de la ganadería tradicional y la costo-eficiencia de alternativas de mitigación en sistemas de carne y leche en Antioquia. La metodología combina la estimación de huella de carbono con IPCC Tier 2 y mediciones directas de CH₄ entérico mediante SF₆ (Tier 3), el análisis de ciclo de vida con ReCiPe 2016 y la construcción de curvas de costo marginal de abatimiento. La fermentación entérica se identifica como la principal fuente de emisiones, con factores de emisión locales superiores a los valores por defecto IPCC. En carne, las intensidades varían entre 2,84 y 14,42 kg CO₂eq/kgPV, con mayores valores en la etapa de ceba. En leche, las vacas lactantes presentan intensidades de 1,96 a 2,65 kg CO₂eq/kgFPCM, mientras que las categorías de reemplazo registran valores más altos por ausencia de salida de producto. El ACV muestra que, además del cambio climático, impactos como uso del suelo, uso de agua y acidificación terrestre representan puntos críticos en los sistemas tropicales. En carne, el uso del suelo alcanza hasta 773,6 ha·crop-Eq, mientras que en leche llega a 190,9 ha·a crop-Eq. El uso de agua está dominado por el consumo directo de los animales, con valores máximos de 833 m³ en carne y 616 m³ en leche. La acidificación terrestre se relaciona con la aplicación de fertilizantes nitrogenados y la excreción en pastoreo, con variaciones entre fincas según la intensidad de manejo de praderas y el tamaño del hato. En el análisis económico, el manejo de pasturas se consolida como la medida más costoeficiente, con costos marginales negativos de -32 a -185 mil COP/tCO₂eq según etapa y subsector. Los aditivos y suplementos alcanzan las mayores reducciones absolutas, aunque con costos positivos que oscilan entre 0,5 y 0,6 millones COP/tCO₂eq en leche y valores cercanos a cero o negativos en ceba de carne. La optimización de la dieta ofrece reducciones intermedias, pero con costos unitarios más altos que las demás medidas. Se demuestra que la integración de métricas ambientales y económicas permite establecer una línea base para la ganadería tropical, identificar categorías críticas de impacto y jerarquizar medidas de mitigación según su costo-eficiencia, generando insumos técnicos para la formulación de políticas públicas y la investigación en ganadería sostenible en Colombia. (Texto tomado de la fuente) | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | Livestock is a key contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Colombia, accounting for around 14.7% of national emissions. Within the agricultural sector, livestock represents 50% to 60% of total emissions, equivalent to about 34.85 million tons of CO₂e per year. However, the information available for tropical conditions remains limited and relies largely on internationally developed factors and methodologies. However, the information available under tropical conditions remains limited and largely depends on international factors. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the environmental impacts of traditional livestock farming and the cost-efficiency of mitigation alternatives in beef and dairy systems in Antioquia. The methodology combines carbon footprint estimation with IPCC Tier 2 and direct measurements of enteric CH₄ using SF₆ (Tier 3), life cycle assessment (LCA) with ReCiPe 2016, and the construction of marginal abatement cost curves (MACC). Enteric fermentation is identified as the main source of emissions, with local emission factors higher than IPCC default values. In beef, intensities range from 2.84 to 14.42 kg CO₂eq/kg live weight, with higher values in the fattening stage. In dairy, lactating cows present intensities of 1.96 to 2.65 kg CO₂eq/kg FPCM, while replacement categories record higher values due to the absence of product output. The LCA shows that, in addition to climate change, impacts such as land use, water use, and terrestrial acidification represent critical points in tropical systems. In beef, land use reaches up to 773.6 ha·a crop-Eq, while in dairy it reaches 190.9 ha·a crop-Eq. Water use is dominated by direct animal consumption, with maximum values of 833 m³ in beef and 616 m³ in dairy. Terrestrial acidification is related to the application of nitrogen fertilizers and excretion during grazing, with variations among farms depending on pasture management intensity and herd size. In the economic analysis, pasture management stands out as the most cost-efficient measure, with negative marginal costs ranging from -32 to -185 thousand COP/tCO₂eq depending on stage and subsector. Additives and supplements achieve the largest absolute reductions, although with positive costs ranging between 0.5 and 0.6 million COP/tCO₂eq in dairy and values close to zero or negative in beef fattening. Diet optimization offers intermediate reductions, but with higher unit costs than other measures. It is demonstrated that the integration of environmental and economic metrics makes it possible to establish a baseline for tropical livestock farming, identify critical impact categories, and prioritize mitigation measures according to their cost-efficiency, thus generating technical inputs for the formulation of public policies and research on sustainable livestock farming in Colombia. | eng |
| dc.description.curriculararea | Medio Ambiente.Sede Medellín | |
| dc.description.degreelevel | Maestría | |
| dc.description.degreename | Magíster en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo | |
| dc.description.researcharea | ||
| dc.format.extent | 1 recursos en línea (138 páginas) | |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
| dc.identifier.instname | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.reponame | Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.repourl | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ | spa |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89614 | |
| dc.language.iso | spa | |
| dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
| dc.publisher.branch | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín | |
| dc.publisher.faculty | Facultad de Minas | |
| dc.publisher.place | Medellín, Colombia | |
| dc.publisher.program | Medellín - Minas - Maestría en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo | |
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| dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
| dc.rights.license | Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional | |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ | |
| dc.subject.ddc | 330 - Economía::333 - Economía de la tierra y de la energía | |
| dc.subject.ddc | 630 - Agricultura y tecnologías relacionadas::636 - Producción animal | |
| dc.subject.lemb | Ganadería - Antioquia (Colombia) - Aspectos ambientales | |
| dc.subject.lemb | Dioxido de carbono atmosférico | |
| dc.subject.lemb | Gases de invernadero | |
| dc.subject.proposal | Ganadería sostenible | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Gases de efecto invernadero | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Metano entérico | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Huella de carbono | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Análisis de ciclo de vida | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | MACC | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Trópico alto y trópico bajo | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Sustainable livestock | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Greenhouse gases | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Enteric methane | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Carbon footprint | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Life cycle assessment | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | MACC | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Tropical highlands and lowlands | eng |
| dc.subject.wikidata | Huella de carbono | |
| dc.title | Evaluación de impactos ambientales y costo-eficiencia de alternativas de ganadería sostenible en el trópico | spa |
| dc.title.translated | Environmental impact assessment and cost-effectiveness of sustainable livestock alternatives in the tropics | eng |
| dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Maestría | |
| dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc | |
| dc.type.coarversion | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa | |
| dc.type.content | Text | |
| dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis | |
| dc.type.redcol | http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM | |
| dc.type.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion | |
| dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopment | Investigadores | |
| oaire.accessrights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 | |
| oaire.awardtitle | Conformación de paisajes ganaderos productivos, con baja huella de carbono y alto bienestar animal, orientados a la sostenibilidad del sector en Antioquia. | |
| oaire.fundername | Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia |
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