Caracterización del contenido de exosomas asociados a tumor en una población con cáncer gástrico

dc.contributor.advisorLópez Kleine, Lilianaspa
dc.contributor.advisorVillegas Galvez, Victoria Eugeniaspa
dc.contributor.advisorRodríguez, Josefa Antoniaspa
dc.contributor.authorRincón-Riveros, Walter Andrésspa
dc.contributor.cvlacRincón Riveros Walter Andrésspa
dc.contributor.orcid0000-0002-6654-0195spa
dc.contributor.researchgroupGrupo de Investigación en Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemasspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupMoléculas Biológicas y Actividad Celular (Universidad del Rosario)spa
dc.contributor.researchgroupBiología del Cáncer (Instituto Nacional de Cancerología)spa
dc.date.accessioned2024-01-15T20:41:51Z
dc.date.available2024-01-15T20:41:51Z
dc.date.issued2023-11-23
dc.descriptionilustraciones (algunas a color), diagramas, fotografíasspa
dc.description.abstractA nivel mundial, uno de los tipos de cáncer con mayor incidencia y mortalidad es el cáncer gástrico, que ocupa el quinto lugar en incidencia con más de 1. 000.000 de casos nuevos en 2020, lo que correspondió al 5.6% del total de casos de cáncer a nivel mundial, y con una mortalidad que supera los 750.000 decesos, de acuerdo con lo reportado en Globocan 2020. El cáncer gástrico es 50% más común en hombres que en mujeres. Según Cancer Today de la Agencia Internacional para la investigación en cáncer (IARC), el cáncer gástrico es la principal causa de muerte por cáncer en hombres en Colombia, con aproximadamente 3.963 muertes y la quinta causa de muerte en mujeres con más de 2.488 muertes, por lo cual es considerado como un problema de salud pública. Su alta mortalidad es debida en parte, a la dificultad para realizar un diagnóstico oportuno, y aunque la prueba de oro para el diagnóstico de este cáncer es la endoscopia-biopsia, esta prueba no es costo-efectiva para ser implementada como prueba de tamizaje en países que están en vías de desarrollo. Los exosomas son vesículas de entre 30 y 100nm de diámetro, secretadas por las células cuya síntesis, en el sistema endosomal, es mediada por la formación de cuerpos multivesiculares (MVB) que se fusionan con la membrana celular para liberarlas al ambiente extracelular. Poseen una membrana bi-lipídica rica en colesterol, ceramidas, y residuos de fosfatidilserina; y transportan una amplia variedad de DNA, RNA, proteínas y lípidos que les confieren una gran variedad de funciones en diferentes escenarios, que abarcan desde el transporte de moléculas y la comunicación célula-célula a nivel local o sistémico, hasta la regulación inmunológica. Los exosomas derivados de células tumorales juegan un papel fundamental en el microambiente tumoral al favorecer la comunicación entre las células tumorales, o entre éstas y las células del sistema inmune. Se considera que su secreción es un mecanismo mediante el cual el tumor es capaz de favorecer su propio desarrollo al transportar moléculas moduladoras del sistema inmune tales como HLA-G, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, oncoproteínas y factores de crecimiento. También se ha descrito su papel en la transferencia horizontal de diversos tipos de RNA capaces de incrementar la agresividad de las células tumorales. Dada la importancia de los exosomas en el desarrollo y progresión del cáncer gástrico, este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y caracterizar los contenidos biológicos de los exosomas asociados a tumor, con el fin de obtener información relevante acerca del papel de los exosomas en el desarrollo y establecimiento de la enfermedad. La investigación fue desarrollada en dos fases: inicialmente se realizó un estudio in-silico en el cual se ejecutó un metaanálisis con 7 bases de datos de miRNAs provenientes de exosomas aislados de diferentes tipos de cáncer, en búsqueda de un patrón molecular común a todos ellos. Posteriormente se desarrolló la fase experimental, en la cual se incluyeron exosomas aislados del plasma de 30 pacientes: 20 con cáncer gástrico y 10 con enfermedades gástricas benignas. La metodología empleada para desarrollar la etapa experimental incluyó un protocolo ajustado para la obtención de los exosomas a partir de plasma humano, su caracterización por microscopía electrónica de barrido, análisis de nano-partículas y detección de la expresión de proteínas propias de los exosomas. Una vez caracterizados los exosomas, se realizó la extracción de los miRNAs y las proteínas, y luego, mediante el uso de técnicas de nueva generación como RNA-seq y espectrometría de masas, se determinó su composición en cuanto a miRNAs y proteínas. Se identificó una firma de 9 miRNAs y 35 proteínas con expresión diferencial entre los pacientes con cáncer gástrico y aquellos con enfermedades gástricas benignas, asociadas con procesos biológicos y rutas metabólicas involucradas en la carcinogénesis. En cuanto a la caracterización a nivel de proteínas, se identificaron más de 700 proteínas en los exosomas de pacientes con cáncer gástrico y con enfermedades gástricas benignas. Se determino 5 proteínas con implicaciones en el desarrollo del cáncer y que pueden ser estudiadas con el fin de establecer su utilidad como biomarcadores. Los resultados aquí presentados pueden ser tomados como punto de partida para el descubrimiento de nuevos biomarcadores para el diagnóstico y seguimiento del cáncer gástrico a partir de exosomas aislados en biopsia liquida. (Texto tomado de la fuente)spa
dc.description.abstractGastric cancer is a prevalent and deadly type of cancer worldwide, ranking fifth in terms of incidence with over 1,000,000 new cases in 2020, accounting for 5.6% of total cancer cases globally. Furthermore, according to the Globocan 2020 report, the number of deaths resulting from the issue surpasses 750,000. Men are 50% more likely to develop gastric cancer than women. In Colombia, gastric cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among men, with approximately 3,963 deaths, and the fifth leading cause of death among women, with over 2,488 deaths. Consequently, it poses a significant public health concern. The high mortality is partly attributed to challenges in achieving timely diagnosis, with endoscopy-biopsy being the gold standard but not cost-effective for screening in developing countries. Exosomes, small vesicles ranging from 30 to 100 nm in diameter, are secreted by cells through the endosomal system. They are formed through the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the cell membrane, releasing them into the extracellular environment. Exosomes possess a cholesterol-rich bilipid membrane containing ceramides and phosphatidylserine residues. They serve as vehicles for transporting a diverse range of DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, enabling various functions in different contexts. These functions include molecular transportation, local or systemic cell-to-cell communication, and immunoregulation. Exosomes derived from tumor cells play a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment by facilitating communication among tumor cells and between tumor cells and immune cells. Their secretion serves as a mechanism through which tumors promote their own development by transporting immune system-modulating molecules, such as HLA-G, PD1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, oncoproteins, and growth factors. Additionally, they have been implicated in the horizontal transfer of various types of RNA, which can enhance the aggressiveness of tumor cells. Given the significance of exosomes in the development and progression of gastric cancer, this study aimed to identify and characterize the biological contents of tumor-associated exosomes to gain relevant insights into their role in disease development and establishment. The research comprised two phases. Firstly, an in-silico study involved a meta-analysis of miRNAs from exosomes isolated from different types of cancer using seven databases to identify common molecular patterns. Subsequently, the experimental phase encompassed the isolation of exosomes from the plasma of 30 patients, including 20 with gastric cancer and 10 with benign gastric diseases. The experimental methodology entailed a customized protocol for exosome isolation from human plasma, followed by their characterization using scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticle analysis, and detection of exosome-specific protein expression. After characterizing the exosomes, miRNAs and proteins were extracted, and their composition was determined using advanced techniques such as RNA-seq and mass spectrometry. The protein characterization identified over 700 proteins in the exosomes, 35 of them exhibiting differential expression between patients with gastric cancer and those with benign gastric. Five proteins with implications in cancer development were identified, warranting further investigation to evaluate their potential as biomarkers. These molecules are associated with biological processes and metabolic pathways involved in carcinogenesis. On the other hand, 156 miRNAs were identified in the exosomes, 9 of them differentially expressed between gastric cancer patients and controls. The findings presented in this study serve as a promising foundation for the discovery of novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of gastric cancer using exosomes isolated from liquid biopsies.eng
dc.description.degreelevelDoctoradospa
dc.description.degreenameDoctor en Oncologíaspa
dc.format.extent151 páginasspa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.instnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.reponameRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.identifier.repourlhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/85302
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Medicinaspa
dc.publisher.placeBogotá, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Medicina - Doctorado en Oncologíaspa
dc.relation.indexedBiremespa
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dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseReconocimiento 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc610 - Medicina y salud::616 - Enfermedadesspa
dc.subject.decsNeoplasias gástricasspa
dc.subject.decsStomach neoplasmseng
dc.subject.decsExosomasspa
dc.subject.decsExosomeseng
dc.subject.decsMicroARNsspa
dc.subject.decsCarcinogénesisspa
dc.subject.decsProteómicaspa
dc.subject.decsProteomicseng
dc.subject.decsBiomarcadores de tumorspa
dc.subject.decsBiomarkers, Tumoreng
dc.subject.decsPerfilación de la expresión génicaspa
dc.subject.proposalCáncer gástricospa
dc.subject.proposalExosomasspa
dc.subject.proposalmiRNAsspa
dc.subject.proposalProteómicaspa
dc.subject.proposalBiomarcadoresspa
dc.subject.proposalTranscriptómicaspa
dc.subject.proposalGastric cancereng
dc.subject.proposalExosomeseng
dc.subject.proposalmiRNAseng
dc.subject.proposalProteomiceng
dc.subject.proposalBiomarkerseng
dc.subject.proposalTranscriptomicseng
dc.titleCaracterización del contenido de exosomas asociados a tumor en una población con cáncer gástricospa
dc.title.translatedCharacterizing the content of exosomes associated with tumors in a population of gastric cancer patients.eng
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctoradospa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06spa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TDspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentEstudiantesspa
dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopmentInvestigadoresspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa
oaire.fundernameInstituto Nacional de Cancerologíaspa

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