Obtención de metanol a partir de la oxidación selectiva de metano empleando materiales catalíticos de hierro y molibdeno soportados en óxido de silicio

dc.contributor.advisorGuerrero Fajardo, Carlos Albertospa
dc.contributor.advisorLópez Nieto, José Manuelspa
dc.contributor.authorCortés Ortiz, William Giovannispa
dc.contributor.researchgroupAprovechamiento Energético de Recursos Naturalesspa
dc.date.accessioned2020-07-21T22:57:50Zspa
dc.date.available2020-07-21T22:57:50Zspa
dc.date.issued2020-07-10spa
dc.description.abstractAntes de iniciar, es el momento de compartir que como suele ocurrir en la investigación científica, usualmente se inicia con una idea puntual y definida y durante la marcha está cambia un poco de rumbo. Así, a pesar de que el título y los objetivos del presente documento se centran en la oxidación catalítica de metano para obtener metanol, durante la lectura se encontrará información relacionada con la oxidación catalítica de metanol a los diferentes productos que se pueden obtener, como dimetil éter, formaldehído, dimetoximetano y óxidos de carbono. La razón de los anterior surgió durante el desarrollo del trabajo con base en la pregunta, ¿Qué pasará con el metanol que se forme a partir de la oxidación de metano? De esta manera, se decidió evaluar la inicialmente la oxidación catalítica de metanol con el fin de reconocer los productos a los cuales podría llegar la oxidación de metano si no se lograba “parar” la reacción en el producto intermedio buscado, el metanol. Dicho lo anterior, también es prudente hacer la salvedad de que a pesar de que inicialmente, con base en la experiencia de los trabajos adelantados al interior del grupo se definió usar materiales catalíticos con hierro y molibdeno sintetizados por el método sol-gel, durante el desarrollo del estudio se decidió buscar otras alternativas lo cual condujo a sintetizar materiales por el mismo método, pero incluyendo vanadio y un caso excepcional cambiando el método de síntesis, por impregnación. Así, además de lo propuesto en el título y objetivos el documento, este se extiende un poco más con el fin de querer comprender que ocurre en los procesos de oxidación catalítica empleando diferentes catalizadores. La oxidación catalítica de hidrocarburos es un proceso que se evalúa desde los inicios de la catálisis debido a la importancia de obtener productos de interés comercial que contribuyan con el desarrollo industrial y económico del mundo. En el presente documento se presentan los resultados de la síntesis y caracterización de materia-les catalíticos de hierro, molibdeno y vanadio, así como, los resultados de actividad catalítica en la oxidación de metano y metanol. Inicialmente se presenta una breve historia de la catálisis, así como de los procesos de oxidación selectiva de hidrocarburos. Se aborda los conceptos básicos involucrados en la catálisis heterogénea haciendo hincapié en el papel de los materiales cata-líticos en procesos químicos de oxidación. De la misma manera, se muestra los métodos de preparación denominados en la literatura como sol-gel e impregnación, identificando la influencia de cada etapa de preparación con las propiedades físicas y químicas de los materiales. Adicionalmente, se presenta los conceptos relevantes de algunas de las técnicas instrumentales empleadas para reconocer las propiedades físicas y químicas de los catalizadores, lo cual brinda información y permite el entendimiento de la composición y estructura de los materiales. Por otra parte, se presentan aspectos relacionados con la obtención de metanol a partir de gas de síntesis y se abordan algunas de las características más importantes de la oxidación catalítica de metanol, tales como condiciones de reacción, propiedades requeridas en los catalizadores y los productos de interés. Así mismo, se estudian las necesidades específicas requeridas para la oxidación selectiva de metano a metanol, partiendo de la premisa de la dificultad del proceso debido a la estabilidad de la molécula de metano. Adicionalmente se ilustran los tipos de materiales catalíticos empleados y los resultados de conversión y selectividad; de la misma manera, se abordan las reacciones que pueden ocurrir y los productos que se pueden formar durante el proceso de oxidación catalítica de metano a metanol o formaldehído con el fin de comprender las implicaciones experimentales que trae tal proceso. Posteriormente, se presentan los resultados obtenidos en la síntesis de materiales catalíticos de hierro, molibdeno, vanadio y la mezcla de los tres, soportados en sílice por el método sol-gel. Tales materiales son empleados en las reacciones de oxidación selectiva de metanol y metano. Dentro de los resultados, se evidencia que la sílice empleada como soporte presenta dos formas de cuarzo dependiendo de la temperatura de calcinación a la cual se someta, α-cuarzo y β-cuarzo. Por otra parte, se identifica que los materiales preparados con diferentes cargas de hierro (0,5, 1,5 y 5,0 % en masa) y calcinados a 450 y 750°C presentan, además de una banda característica de la sílice, una serie de picos asignados a especies de hierro tipo hematita α-Fe2O3 lo cual permite concluir que la transformación térmica del precursor de hierro (acetato de hierro heptahidratado) permitió la obtención de óxidos de hierro con estado de oxidación Fe3+. Una vez discutidos los resultados de la caracterización, se presenta los resultados de actividad catalítica en los procesos de oxidación de metanol y metano. Inicialmente se describe el sistema catalítico empleado, luego, se discuten los resultados cata-líticos obtenidos empleando catalizadores de hierro, molibdeno y vanadio soportados en óxido de silicio en función de la carga de metales, temperaturas de calcinación y condiciones de síntesis. Para la oxidación de metanol se observan valores de conversión alrededor del 90 % en mol con selectividades a diferentes productos de reacción como formaldehído, dimetil éter, formiato de metilo. En cuanto a la oxidación catalítica de metano, se observan valores de conversión alrededor de 3,0 % en mol con selectividades principalmente a formaldehído y óxidos de carbono. Por otra parte, se presenta una comparación de los resultados de actividad catalítica en los procesos de oxidación de metano y metanol. La comparación se hace empleando catalizadores de hierro, molibdeno y hierro-molibdeno, sintetizados por el mismo método sol-gel (modificando el pH). De esta manera, se presentan los resultados de caracterización de los catalizadores por diferentes métodos físicos y químicos, así como, los resultados de actividad catalítica en la oxidación de metano y metanol. Se observa que el control del pH durante la síntesis por el método sol-gel mejora la dispersión de los metales en la matriz de sílice. Finalmente, se presentan las conclusiones generales de acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, así como, recomendaciones que permitan orientar las siguientes actividades a realizar, direccionadas hacia la síntesis de materiales catalíticos y la evaluación en procesos de oxidación de metano y metanol.spa
dc.description.abstractBefore starting, it is time to share that, as is often the case in scientific research, it usually starts with a specific and defined idea and during the march, it changes a bit. Thus, despite the fact that the title and objectives of this document focus on the catalytic oxidation of methane to obtain methanol, during the reading you will find information related to the catalytic oxidation of methanol to the different products that can be obtained, such as dimethyl ether, formaldehyde, dimethoxymethane, and carbon oxides. The reason for the above emerged during the development of the work based on the question: What will happen to the methanol that is formed from the oxidation of methane? In this way, it was decided to initially evaluate the catalytic oxidation of methanol in order to recognize the products to which the oxidation of methane could reach if it were not possible to “stop” the reaction in the desired inter-mediate product, methanol. Having said the above, it is also prudent to make the caveat that although initially, based on the experience of the work carried out within the group, it was defined to use catalytic materials with iron and molybdenum synthesized by the sol-gel method, but during the study, it was decided to look for other alternatives, which led to synthesizing materials by the same method but including vanadium and an exceptional case changing the synthesis method, by impregnation. Thus, in addition to what is proposed in the title and objectives of the document, it is extended a little more in order to understand what happens in catalytic oxidation processes using different catalysts. Catalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons is a process that is evaluated from the beginning of catalysis. Is used due to the importance of obtaining products of commercial interest that contribute to the industrial and economic development of the world. This document shows results in the synthesis and characterization of the catalytic materials of iron, molybdenum, and vanadium, as well as, results of the catalytic activity in the oxidation of methane and methanol. Initially, a brief history of catalysis is presented, as well as, the processes of selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. The basic concepts involved in heterogeneous catalysis are discussed, emphasizing the role of catalytic materials in chemical oxidation processes. In the same way, it shows the preparation methods denominated in the literature as sol-gel and impregnation, identifying the influence of each stage of preparation with the physical and chemical properties of the materials. Additionally, the relevant concepts of some of the instrumental techniques used to recognize the physical and chemical properties of the catalysts are presented, which provides information and allows the understanding of the composition and structure of the materials. On the other hand, aspects related to the production of methanol from synthesis gas are presented and some of the most important characteristics of the catalytic oxidation of methanol, such as reaction conditions, properties required in the catalysts, and the products of interest. Likewise, the specific needs required for the selective oxidation of methane to methanol are studied, starting from the premise of the difficulty of the process due to the stability of the methane molecule. Additionally, the types of catalytic materials used, and the conversion and selectivity results are illustrated. In the same way, the reactions that can occur and the products that can be formed during the process of catalytic oxidation of methane to methanol or formaldehyde are addressed in order to understand the experimental implications that such a process brings. Subsequently, the results obtained in the synthesis of catalytic materials of iron, molybdenum, vanadium, and the mixture of the three, supported in silica by the sol-gel method are presented. Such materials are used in the selective oxidation reactions of methanol and methane. Within the results, it is evident that the silica used as support has two forms of quartz depending on the calcination temperature to which it is subjected, α-quartz, and β-quartz. On the other hand, it is identified that materials prepared with different iron loads (0.5, 1.5 and 5.0 wt%) and calcined at 450 and 750 °C present, in addition to a characteristic band of silica, a series of peaks assigned to hematite iron species α-Fe2O3 which allows concluding that the thermal transformation of the iron precursor (iron acetate heptahydrate) allowed obtaining iron oxides with Fe3+ oxidation state. Once the results of the characterization have been discussed, the results of catalytic activity in the methanol and methane oxidation processes are presented. Initially, the catalytic system used is described, which is divided into three blocks: feeding, reaction, and analysis. Once the generalities of the processes have been described, the catalytic results obtained using catalytic materials of iron, molybdenum, and vanadium supported in silicon oxide as a function of the metal load, calcination temperatures, and synthesis conditions are discussed. For the oxidation of methanol, conversion values are observed around 90 mol % with selectivities to different reaction products such as formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, methyl formate. As for the catalytic oxidation of methane, conversion values are observed around 3.0 mol % with selectivities mainly to formaldehyde and carbon oxides. On the other hand, a comparison of the results of catalytic activity in the oxidation processes of methane and methanol is presented. The comparison is made using iron, molybdenum, and iron-molybdenum catalysts, synthesized by the same sol-gel method (modifying the pH). In this way, the results of the characterization of the catalysts by different physical and chemical methods are presented, as well as the results of catalytic activity in the oxidation of methane and methanol. It is observed that the pH control during the synthesis by the sol-gel method improves the dispersion of the metals in the silica matrix. Finally, the general conclusions are presented in accordance with the results obtained, as well as recommendations for orienting the following activities to be carried out, aimed at the synthesis of catalytic materials and the evaluation of methane and methanol oxidation processes.spa
dc.description.additionalTrabajo realizado bajo con un convenio de cotutela con la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia.spa
dc.description.degreelevelDoctoradospa
dc.description.projectEvaluación de materiales catalíticos de hierro y molibdeno soportados en óxido de silicio en la oxidación selectiva de metano a metanol.spa
dc.format.extent234spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/77809
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
dc.publisher.programBogotá - Ingeniería - Doctorado en Ingeniería - Ciencia y Tecnología de Materialesspa
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dc.rightsDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.spaAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc540 - Química y ciencias afinesspa
dc.subject.ddc620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afinesspa
dc.subject.proposalMetanospa
dc.subject.proposalMethaneeng
dc.subject.proposalMetanolspa
dc.subject.proposalMethanoleng
dc.subject.proposalCatalytic oxidationeng
dc.subject.proposalOxidación catalíticaspa
dc.subject.proposalSol-gelspa
dc.subject.proposalSol-geleng
dc.subject.proposalHetereogeneous catalysiseng
dc.subject.proposalCatálisis heterogéneaspa
dc.subject.proposalFormaldehydeeng
dc.subject.proposalFormaldehídospa
dc.titleObtención de metanol a partir de la oxidación selectiva de metano empleando materiales catalíticos de hierro y molibdeno soportados en óxido de siliciospa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctoradospa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06spa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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