Aprovechamiento de una variedad de maíz criollo colombiano para su empleo como ingrediente en la elaboración de hojaldre
| dc.contributor.advisor | Zuluaga Dominguez, Carlos Mario | spa |
| dc.contributor.advisor | Castillo Arias, Alejandra | spa |
| dc.contributor.author | Mora Clavijo, Sergio | spa |
| dc.coverage.country | Colombia | spa |
| dc.coverage.tgn | http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/1000050 | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2026-01-20T21:39:13Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2026-01-20T21:39:13Z | |
| dc.date.issued | 2025 | |
| dc.description | ilustraciones, diagramas, fotografías | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | La caracterización de maíces nativos constituye una estrategia fundamental para valorar su potencial agronómico, nutricional e industrial, contribuyendo a su conservación, aprovechamiento sostenible y revalorización dentro de los sistemas agroalimentarios locales y regionales. En este trabajo se caracterizó el maíz negrito (Zea mays L.), una variedad nativa colombiana, se establecieron condiciones de crecimiento microbiano para evaluar su posible resistencia, y se exploró una aplicación tecnológica mediante el uso de su almidón en la formulación de hojaldres con menor contenido de grasa, con el fin de aportar conocimiento sobre su diversidad y funcionalidad, así como incentivar su uso en desarrollos académicos e industriales. Se recolectó el maíz en el municipio de Ciénega, Boyacá, al cual se le realizó un análisis proximal, obteniendo la siguiente composición: humedad 11,35% ± 0,35%, cenizas 1,77% ± 0,30%, grasa 3,74% ± 1,26%, proteína 8,83% ± 0,08% y carbohidratos 74,35% ± 1,06%, y se comparó con los maíces reportados en la Tabla de Composición de Alimentos Colombianos (TCAC) del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF), donde se determinó que este tipo de maíz presenta características fisicoquímicas diferentes a los maíces caracterizados previamente en Colombia. Posteriormente, se realizaron ensayos de almacenamiento en bolsa hermética con condiciones de temperatura y humedad inicial controladas, por 30 y 60 días para evaluar los efectos de estas condiciones en las características físicas, químicas y microbiológicas, donde se destaca que después de dos meses de almacenamiento a las condiciones del ensayo, el nivel de concentración de aflatoxinas es inferior a los límites permitidos por la FAO. Finalmente, se realizó la modificación enzimática del almidón extraído del grano de maíz, que permitió obtener un producto con mayor capacidad de retención de agua, poder de hinchamiento e índice de solubilidad que el almidón nativo haciéndolo potencialmente útil como espesante o estabilizante. Teniendo en cuenta estas propiedades se utilizó el almidón modificado como reemplazante de grasa en un producto tipo hojaldre, donde se valoró mediante pruebas físicas y sensoriales. Los resultados demostraron que el producto hojaldrado con modificación de almidón es similar estadísticamente en la textura del producto sin la adición, lo que indica que, si se mejoran las variables de sabor y color, como por ejemplo reduciendo el tiempo de horneo, se pueden obtener un producto de características similares con una reducción de contenido calórico por porción del 11,76 %, e indirectamente se asocia a un menor consumo energético para la preparación del hojaldre. Desde una perspectiva industrial, este conocimiento permite avanzar en el diseño de productos hojaldrados con mejor perfil nutricional, en los que el almidón modificado de maíz negrito actúa como sustituto parcial de grasa, reduciendo el contenido calórico sin afectar la calidad sensorial. El presente desarrollo tiene aplicaciones en industrias que utilicen espesantes o que requieran de aditivos que sean útiles para retener agua, además también se abre la posibilidad de ser sustituto en otras matrices que utilicen grasa, como helados, carnes, entre otros. De esta manera, se evidencia el aporte de este trabajo tanto en la innovación tecnológica para el sector alimentario como en la revalorización de cultivos nativos, fortaleciendo la sostenibilidad y el aprovechamiento de la biodiversidad colombiana. (Texto tomado de la fuente). | spa |
| dc.description.abstract | Characterization of native maize varieties constitutes a fundamental strategy to assess their agronomic, nutritional, and industrial potential, contributing to their conservation, sustainable utilization, and revalorization within local and regional agri-food systems. In this paper, negrito maize (Zea mays L.), a Colombian native variety, was characterized; microbial growth conditions were established to evaluate its possible resistance, and a technological application was explored through the use of its starch in the formulation of puff pastries with reduced fat content, with the aim of providing knowledge about its diversity and functionality, as well as encouraging its use in academic and industrial developments. The maize was collected in the municipality of Ciénega, Boyacá, and subjected to a proximate analysis, obtaining the following composition: moisture 11,35% ± 0,35%; ash 1,77% ± 0,30%; fat 3,74% ± 1,26%; protein 8,83% ± 0,08%; and carbohydrates 74,35% ± 1,06%, which was compared with the maize reported in the Colombian Food Composition Table (TCAC) of the Colombian Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF). It was determined that this type of maize presents physicochemical characteristics different from those previously characterized in Colombia. Subsequently, storage tests were carried out in hermetic bags under controlled initial temperature and humidity conditions for 30 and 60 days to evaluate the effects of these conditions on physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics. It is highlighted that after two months of storage under the test conditions, the aflatoxin concentration level was below the limits allowed by the FAO. Finally, enzymatic modification of the starch extracted from the maize grain was carried out, which allowed obtaining a product with higher water retention capacity, swelling power, and solubility index than native starch, making it potentially useful as a thickener or stabilizer. Considering these properties, the modified starch was used as a fat replacer in a puff pastry product, which was evaluated through physical and sensory tests. The results showed that the puff pastry with starch modification is statistically similar in texture to the product without its addition, indicating that if flavor and color variables are improved—for example, by reducing baking time—a product with similar characteristics can be obtained with an 11,76% reduction in caloric content per portion, which is indirectly associated with lower energy consumption in puff pastry preparation. From an industrial perspective, this knowledge enables advances in the design of puff pastry products with an improved nutritional profile, in which modified starch from negrito maize acts as a partial fat substitute, reducing caloric content without affecting sensory quality. The present development has applications in industries that use thickeners or require additives useful for water retention; moreover, it opens the possibility of being a substitute in other matrices that use fat, such as ice creams, meats, among others. In this way, this work contributes both to technological innovation in the food sector and to the revalorization of native crops, strengthening sustainability and the utilization of Colombian biodiversity. | eng |
| dc.description.degreelevel | Maestría | spa |
| dc.description.degreename | Magíster en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos | spa |
| dc.format.extent | xix, 91 páginas | spa |
| dc.format.mimetype | application/pdf | |
| dc.identifier.instname | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.reponame | Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.identifier.repourl | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ | spa |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/89273 | |
| dc.language.iso | spa | |
| dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | spa |
| dc.publisher.branch | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá | spa |
| dc.publisher.faculty | Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias | spa |
| dc.publisher.place | Bogotá, Colombia | spa |
| dc.publisher.program | Bogotá - Ciencias Agrarias - Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos | spa |
| dc.relation.indexed | Agrosavia | spa |
| dc.relation.indexed | Agrovoc | spa |
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| dc.rights.accessrights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
| dc.rights.license | Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional | |
| dc.rights.uri | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ | |
| dc.subject.agrovoc | Producto horneado | spa |
| dc.subject.agrovoc | baked goods | eng |
| dc.subject.agrovoc | Zea mays | spa |
| dc.subject.agrovoc | Zea mays | eng |
| dc.subject.agrovoc | Producto vegetal procesado | spa |
| dc.subject.agrovoc | processed plant products | eng |
| dc.subject.ddc | 660 - Ingeniería química::664 - Tecnología de alimentos | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Almacenamiento de maíz | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Aflatoxinas | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Modificación de almidón | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Reemplazante de grasa | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Hojaldre | spa |
| dc.subject.proposal | Maize storage | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Aflatoxins | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Starch modification | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Fat replacer | eng |
| dc.subject.proposal | Puff pastry | eng |
| dc.title | Aprovechamiento de una variedad de maíz criollo colombiano para su empleo como ingrediente en la elaboración de hojaldre | spa |
| dc.title.translated | Use of a variety of colombian native corn as an ingredient in the production of puff pastry | eng |
| dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Maestría | spa |
| dc.type.coar | http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc | |
| dc.type.coarversion | http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa | |
| dc.type.content | Text | |
| dc.type.driver | info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis | |
| dc.type.redcol | http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TM | |
| dc.type.version | info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion | |
| dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopment | Grupos comunitarios | spa |
| dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopment | Investigadores | spa |
| dcterms.audience.professionaldevelopment | Público general | spa |
| oaire.accessrights | http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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