Efectos de las presiones antrópicas sobre la distribución, uso de hábitat y ecología del movimiento de los delfines de río en las cuencas del Amazonas y Orinoco

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dc.contributor.advisorArmenteras-Pascual, Dolorsspa
dc.contributor.advisorTrujillo, Fernandospa
dc.contributor.authorMosquera-Guerra, Federicospa
dc.contributor.researchgroupEcología del paisaje y modelación de ecosistemasspa
dc.date.accessioned2020-03-26T20:22:34Zspa
dc.date.available2020-03-26T20:22:34Zspa
dc.date.issued2020-03-20spa
dc.description.abstractRiver dolphins (Inia and Sotalia) have evolved in the different aquatic ecosystems associated with the Amazon, Grande, Iténez - Mamoré, Araguaia - Tocantis and Orinoco rivers. Aspects related to their distribution, movement ecology, habitat use and threats to conservation for these cetaceans in South America were studied. The distribution models generated for the South American river dolphins, integrated 35,594 presence georeferenced records and 19 environmental variables were integrated in niche models of potential distribution for species in the genera: Inia and Sotalia, using the MaxEnt algorithm. We evaluated the degree of overlap between dolphin´s distribution and dam area of influence (i) under construction, ii) operating, and iii) planned dam projects. We found a differential representation of river dolphin´s distribution within protected areas in the region (overlap, ranging between 4.630 Km2 and 18.386 Km2). On the other hand, we verified a differential degree of overlapping between areas of influence of dam projects and river dolphin´s distribution, with the recently described I. araguaiaensis (54.9 % of its distribution within dam´s influence area) as the most affected species. Already constructed dam areas of influence, accounted for the greatest overlap with river dolpohin´s distribution (2.704 Km2 and 41.843 Km2). Operating dams are currently affecting 19.7% of dolphin´s distribution (145.278 Km2/736.458 Km2). As soon as under constructions projects start operating, we expect an addition of 91.302 Km2 in the area of affectation. Finally, if planned dams are constructed and operating, the affected area will add 177.744 Km2 more. Under this projected scenario, we expect that 56.2% (414.324 Km2/736.458 Km2) of the area of distribution of South American river dolphins would be affected. In 2017 and 2018, we deployed satellite transmitters to 24 specimens of the genus Inia from the Amazon and Orinoco (Colombia), Juruena and Tapajós (Brazil), San Martín (Bolivia), and Marañon (Peru) River basins. On average, tags emitted signals for 103 days, reporting home ranges of 56.5 km2 with 95% of utilization distribution (UD), and maximum movements between locations of 55.7 km. Our results included a high variation among tagged dolphin individuals in terms of the analyzed spatial metrics. However, we did not find statistical differences in the mean values of the analyzed variables among basins. In the same way, we report no statistically significant differences in terms of spatial variables analyzed between sexes. Satellite technology may allow us to better understand the heterogeneity of the use of aquatic habitats at different spatial and temporal scales, highlighting the importance of the hydroscape connectivity and free flowing rivers to maintain healthy due to the extensive requirements of documented habitats. Further, this study reports the presence of mercury in river dolphins genera Inia and Sotalia. Mercury concentrations were analysed in muscle tissue samples, collected from 46 individuals at the Arauca and Orinoco Rivers (Colombia), the Amazon River (Colombia), a tributary of the Itenez River (Bolivia), and from the Tapajos River (Brazil). Ranges of total mercury (Hg) concentration in muscle tissue of the four different taxa sampled was: I. geoffrensis humboldtiana 0.003 – 3.99 mg.kg-1ww (n=21, Me=0.4), I. g. geoffrensis 0.1 – 2.6 mg.kg-1ww (n=15, Me=0.55), I. boliviensis 0.03 – 0.4 mg.kg-1ww (n=8, Me=0.1), and S. fluviatilis 0.1 – 0.87 mg.kg-1ww (n=2, Me=0.5). The highest Hg concentration in our study, was obtained at the Orinoco basin, recorded from a juvenile male of I. g. humboldtiana (3.99 mg.kg-1ww). At the Amazon basin, higher concentrations of mercury were recorded, in the Tapajos River (Brazil) from an adult male of I. g. geoffrensis (2.6 mg.kg-1ww) and the Amazon River from an adult female of S. fluviatilis (0.87 mg.kg-1ww). Finally, our results highlight a potential transformation of the ideal conditions that allow for the establishment of the species, explaining its distribution with predicted values between 46.6 % and 70.1 % for the evaluated timeframe due to the effects of climate change on aquatic ecosystems of the colombian Orinoquia . The Meta River, has the highest value for the index of freshwater ecosystems degradation followed by the Orinoco basin, water quality and species exploitation appear to be the major stressors for dolphins in these areas. Finally, river confluences were identified as conservation hot spots for dolphin populations. In conclusion, my dissertation demonstrates the high intensity of the effects generated by anthropic origin pressures on river dolphin populations in South America, leading to the transformation of large areas of their current distribution as well as potential population-level effects. Climate change will increase the intensity of its negative effects in the coming years, sharpening its effects on the health of aquatic ecosystems and the broad requirements that these cetaceans present, evidenced through satellite monitoring implemented between 2017-2018.spa
dc.description.abstractLos delfines de río (Inia y Sotalia), han evolucionado en los diferentes ecosistemas acuáticos asociados a los ríos Amazonas, Grande, Iténez - Mamoré, Araguaia - Tocantis y Orinoco. En el presente trabajo, se estudiaron aspectos relacionados con su distribución, ecología del movimiento, uso de hábitat y amenazas a la conservación para estos cetáceos en Suramérica. Los modelos de distribución generados para los delfines de río Suraméricanos, integraron 35.594 registros georreferenciados de presencia y 19 variables ambientales y se utilizó el algoritmo MaxEnt. Evaluamos el grado de superposición entre la distribución de delfines y el área de influencia de las hidroeléctricas en fases: (i) en construcción, ii) en operación, y iii) proyectos planificados. Encontramos una representación diferencial de la distribución de delfines de río dentro de las áreas protegidas de la región (superposición, que oscila entre 4.630 Km2 y 18.386 Km2). Por otro lado, verificamos un grado diferencial de superposición entre las áreas de influencia de los proyectos de hidroeléctricas y la distribución de delfines de río, donde se resalta la elevada transformación del hábitat de la recientemente descrita I. araguaiaensis (54.9% de su distribución dentro del área de influencia de los proyectos de hidroeléctricas). Las áreas de influencia de represas ya construidas representaron la mayor superposición con la distribución de los delfines del río (2.704 Km2 y 41.843 Km2). Las hidroeléctricas operativas actualmente están afectando al 19.7% de la distribución de delfines (145.278 Km2 / 736.458 Km2). Los proyectos en construcción al inicio de su operación, adicionarán de 91.302 Km2 en el área de afectación. Finalmente, si se construyen y operan hidroeléctricas planificadas, el área afectada agregará 177.744 Km2 más. Bajo este escenario proyectado, esperamos que el 56.2% (414.324 Km2 / 736.458 Km2) del área de distribución de delfines de río sudamericanos se vea afectado. Entre 2017 y 2018, instalamos transmisores satelitales a 24 individuos del género Inia en las cuencas de los ríos Amazonas y Orinoco (Colombia), Juruena y Tapajós (Brasil), San Martín (Bolivia) y Marañón (Perú). En promedio, los transmisores emitieron durante 103 días, reportando promedios de rangos de hogar de 56.5 km2 con 95% (UD) y movimientos máximos entre localizaciones de 55.7 km. Los resultados incluyeron una gran variación de las métricas espaciales analizadas entre los individuos de delfines marcados. Sin embargo, no encontramos diferencias estadísticas en los valores medios de las variables analizadas entre las cuencas estudiadas. Del mismo modo, no reportamos diferencias estadísticamente significativas en términos de variables espaciales analizadas entre los sexos. La tecnología satelital aporto nuevos insumos al entendimeinto de la heterogeneidad en el uso de hábitats acuáticos por parte de los delfines de río en escalas espaciales y temporales, destacando la importancia de la conectividad entre la red hídrica y la salud de los ambientes acuáticos debido a los amplios requerimientos de hábitats documentados. Adicionalmente, reportamos la presencia de mercurio total en los delfines de río de los géneros Inia y Sotalia. Las concentraciones de mercurio se analizaron en muestras de tejido muscular, recolectadas de 46 individuos en los ríos Arauca y Orinoco (Colombia), el río Amazonas (Colombia), un afluente del río Iténez (Bolivia) y del río Tapájos (Brasil). Los rangos de concentración de mercurio total (Hg) en el tejido muscular de los cuatro taxones muestreados fueron: I. geoffrensis humboldtiana 0.003 - 3.99 mg.kg-1ww (n = 21, Me = 0.4), I. g. geoffrensis 0.1 - 2.6 mg.kg-1ww (n = 15, Me = 0.55), I. boliviensis 0.03 - 0.4 mg.kg-1ww (n = 8, Me = 0.1), y S. fluviatilis 0.1 - 0.87 mg.kg -1ww (n = 2, Me = 0.5). La mayor concentración de Hg en nuestro estudio se obtuvo en la cuenca del Orinoco, registrada en un macho juvenil de I. g. humboldtiana (3.99 mg.kg-1ww). En la cuenca del Amazonas, se registraron concentraciones más altas de mercurio en el río Tapajos (Brasil) de un macho adulto de I. g. geoffrensis (2.6 mg.kg-1ww) y el río Amazonas de una hembra adulta de S. fluviatilis (0.87 mg.kg-1ww). Finalmente, nuestros resultados destacan una posible transformación de las condiciones ideales que permiten el establecimiento de la especie, explicando su distribución con valores entre el 46.6% y 70.1% para el marco de tiempo evaluado debido a los efectos del cambio climático en los ecosistemas acuáticos de la Orinoquia colombiana. El río Meta, tiene el valor más alto para el índice de degradación de los ecosistemas acuáticos continentales seguido por la cuenca del Orinoco, la calidad del agua y la explotación de las especies parecen ser los principales estresantes para los delfines en estas áreas. Adicionalmente, las confluencias de los ríos se identificaron como hot spot para la conservación de las poblaciones de delfines. En conclusión, mi disertación demuestra la elevada intensidad de los efectos generados por las presiones de origén antrópico sobre las poblaciones de delfines de río en Suramérica, conduciendo a la transformación de extensas áreas de su distribución actual además de potenciales efectos a nivel poblacional. El cambio climático incrementará la intensidad de sus efectos negativos en los próximos años agudizando sus efectos sobre la salud de los ecosistemas acuáticos y los amplios requerimientos que presentan estos cetáceos, evidenciados a través del monitoreo satelital implementado entre los años 2017-2018.spa
dc.description.additionalDoctor en Ciencias Biología. Línea de Investigación: Ecología del Movimientospa
dc.description.degreelevelDoctoradospa
dc.format.extent203spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.citationMosquera-Guerra, F. (2020). Efectos de las presiones antrópicas sobre la distribución, uso de hábitat y ecología del movimiento de los delfines de río en las cuencas del Amazonas y Orinoco. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogotá D.C. Colombia. 203 pp.spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/76127
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotáspa
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dc.rightsDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.spaAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc570 - Biologíaspa
dc.subject.proposalCambio Climáticospa
dc.subject.proposalClimate Changeeng
dc.subject.proposalDistributioneng
dc.subject.proposalDistribuciónspa
dc.subject.proposalMamíferos Acuáticosspa
dc.subject.proposalAquatic Mammalseng
dc.subject.proposalTotal mercuryeng
dc.subject.proposalMercurio totalspa
dc.subject.proposalSatellite telemetryeng
dc.subject.proposalTelemetría Satelitalspa
dc.titleEfectos de las presiones antrópicas sobre la distribución, uso de hábitat y ecología del movimiento de los delfines de río en las cuencas del Amazonas y Orinocospa
dc.title.alternativeEffects of anthropic pressures on the distribution, use of habitat and ecology of the movement of river dolphins in the Amazon and Orinoco basinsspa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Doctoradospa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_db06spa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

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Doctorado en Ciencias - Biología