INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS AMAZÓNICOS (IMANI)
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Ítem Sendero educativo: una ventana a la selva húmeda tropical(Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonia, 2013) Palacios, Pablo Alberto; Herrera, Jessica; Torres B., Javier; Melgarejo, Juan GuillermoEsta publicación hace parte integral del material divulgativo desarrollado en el marco del proyecto "Fortalecimiento del Sendero Ecológico del Campus de la Sede Amazonia como Centro interactivo de educación ambiental para niños y jóvenes de la ciudad de Leticia", financiado por el Fondo Nacional de Extensión Solidaria de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, la Sede Amazonia y el apoyo de la Fundación Terra Nova. Este trabajo busca continuar el proceso iniciado en el Sendero, hace ya varios años, el cual aspira dar a conocer, a la comunidad académica y al visitante ocasional, las riquezas y las maravillas que se encuentran en la selva húmeda Neotropical. A lo largo de este tiempo, la Sede Amazonia ha querido que la población leticiana se acerque al Sendero; es una forma de estrechar los vínculos entre comunidad y la academia para construir una nueva forma de relación que beneficie a unos y otros mediante el diálogo, la discusión, la reflexión y la construcción de conocimiento que conlleve a vislumbrar una mejor convivencia del ser humano y la naturaleza, con la participación de todos. Esta cartilla, así como los logros derivados de este proyecto, es tan solo uno de los pasos del arduo camino, que esperamos fructifique en la consolidación del Sendero como laboratorio vivo y espacio interactivo para la docencia, la investigación y la extensión solidaria.Ítem Percepciones y efectos de cambio climático en grupos indígenas de la Amazonía colombiana(IIAP, 2010) Echeverri, Juan AlvaroEste artículo presenta una descripción de los principales cambios recientes en el clima como son percibidos por pueblos indígenas del suroriente de la Amazonía colombiana y su correlación con datos climáticos de 8 estaciones meteorológicas en las cuencas de los ríos Caquetá, Putumayo y Amazonas. Se presentan y discuten percepciones y datos sobre incremento de temperatura, cambios en los niveles de precipitación, alteraciones de la estacionalidad en los niveles del río, y efectos de estos cambios en la reproducción de la fauna silvestre, el sistema hortícola y la salud humana, teniendo en cuenta criterios de género, edad y situación territorial de los grupos indígenas.Ítem The Putumayo Indians and the Rubber Boom(2011) Echeverri, Juan AlvaroThis article approaches the Putumayo Indians’ memory of the Rubber Boom, in the voice of the Muinane group coming to grips with their painful memories of that violent past, and in the recent initiative of the Colombian government to declare the reconstructed headquarters of the Peruvian Amazon Company in La Chorrera as a ‘Estate of Cultural Interest’. This memory is represented by Indians in the double image of the Basket of Darkness, which holds the memories of violence, and the Basket of Life, which holds the seeds of the future looking forward to the growing of new generations and leaving behind the dangerous memories of violence and sorcery of the past.Ítem Pueblos indígenas y cambio climático: el caso de la Amazonía colombiana(2009) Echeverri, Juan AlvaroEste artículo analiza las percepciones de los pueblos indígenas de la Amazonía colombiana acerca de los cambios climáticos ocurridos durante los últimos 10 años y los efectos directos sobre sus modos de subsistencia. En la primera sección, se presentan cambios en temperatura y estacionalidad y se contrastan con el conocimiento indígena sobre el calendario ecológico. En la siguiente sección, se exponen los principales efectos directos de esos cambios sobre los modos de subsistencia indígena, principalmente sobre la horticultura, la disponibilidad de recursos acuáticos y la salud. Se realiza también una discriminación de los efectos según franjas de género y edad, y según el grado de autonomía territorial de los grupos indígenas. Con estos insumos se discuten las estrategias y adaptaciones de los indígenas para acomodarse a estos cambios y se subraya, finalmente, que el impacto del cambio climático global en esta región solo puede ser entendido y evaluado en conjunción con todos los otros cambios sociales que afectan la región.Ítem Witoto Ash Salts from the Amazon(Elsevier, 2011-11-15) Echeverri, Juan AlvaroEthnopharmacological relevance: This article presents the results of an anthropological and ethnobotanical study of the vegetable salts used by the Witoto Indians of the Amazon. It thoroughly documents the species used, the processing of the salts, their chemical composition and their anthropological, nutritional and medicinal relevance. Materials and Methods: Salts from 57 plant species known to the Witoto were processed using the same materials and techniques employed by the Indians: burning plant material, lixiviating the ashes with water, and boiling down the brine to desiccate the salt. Chemical analyses of macroelements of 49 of the salts, and of microelements of 24, were conducted. Tests on the taste of the salts as perceived by the native persons were carried out. Results: Average ratio ashes/raw material was 3.05% (from 0.71% to 10.14%); average ratio dry salt/ashes was 11% (from 1% to 37%). All the samples analyzed presented a high proportion of potassium (26.9% - 44.6%); contents of phosphorus, sodium, calcium and magnesium were less than 1%; contents of carbonate, chloride and sulfate varied greatly among the salts. Boron, molybdenum and vanadium were present in all or almost all the samples analyzed; copper, barium and strontium were also frequent; manganese, zinc and iron were less frequent. Conclusions: There is a correlation between the concentration of the three anions and the perceived taste of the salts, the "sweet" flavor of chloride being the preferred taste. Our research shows that the culinary function of these salts is secondary to their ritual, medicinal and cosmological meaning. The search for chloride is one of the reasons to produce and consume these salts; other reasons are also important: their alkaline pH, which liberates the alkaloid of the tobacco with which the salts are mixed; and their contents of microelements, which, although not discernible in taste, are inferred from symbolic associations of the species used.Ítem La nutrición de los Nukak: una sociedad amazónica en proceso de contacto(Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Facultad de Ciencias humanas, 1998) Sotomayor Tribín, Hugo Armando; Mahecha Rubio, Dany; Franky Calvo, Carlos Eduardo; Cabrera Becerra, Gabriel; Torres Leguizamo, María LucíaEn este documento se hace una primera aproximación a los contenidos nutricionales de los alimentos consumidos por los nukak, abordando la relación entre la alimentación y el estado de salud de este pueblo, que fruto de su actual proceso de cambio cultural y aculturación está modificando sus hábitos alimentarios, y se analizan los riesgos que estos cambios representan en el largo y mediano plazo.Ítem Regional and seasonal patterns of litterfall in tropical South America(Copernicus Publications, 2010) Chave, J.; Navarrete, D.; Almeida, S.; Álvarez Dávila, Esteban; Aragao, L. E. O. C.; Bonal, D.; Chatelet, P.; Silva-Espejo, J. E.; Goret, J. Y.; Hildebrand, P. von; Jiménez, Eliana; Patiño, Sandra; Peñuela, Maria Cristina; Phillips, O. L.; Stevenson, P.; Malhi, Y.The production of aboveground soft tissue represents an important share of total net primary production in tropical rain forests. Here we draw from a large number of published and unpublished datasets (n = 81 sites) to assess the determinants of litterfall variation across South American tropical forests. We show that across old-growth tropical rainforests, litterfall averages 8.61±1.91Mgha−1 yr−1 (mean±standard deviation, in dry mass units). Secondary forests have a lower annual litterfall than old-growth tropical forests with a mean of 8.01±3.41Mgha−1 yr−1. Annual litterfall shows no significant variation with total annual rainfall, either globally or within forest types. It does not vary consistently with soil type, except in the poorest soils (white sand soils), where litterfall is significantly lower than in other soil types (5.42±1.91Mgha−1 yr−1). We also study the determinants of litterfall seasonality, and find that it does not depend on annual rainfall or on soil type. However, litterfall seasonality is significantly positively correlated with rainfall seasonality. Finally, we assess how much carbon is stored in reproductive organs relative to photosynthetic organs. Mean leaf fall is 5.74±1.83Mgha−1 yr−1 (71% of total litterfall). Mean allocation into reproductive organs is 0.69±0.40Mgha−1 yr−1 (9% of total litterfall). The investment into reproductive organs divided by leaf litterfall increases with soil fertility, suggesting that on poor soils, the allocation to photosynthetic organs is prioritized over that to reproduction. Finally, we discuss the ecological and biogeochemical implications of these results.Ítem Regional and large-scale patterns in Amazon forest structure and function are mediated by variations in soil physical and chemical properties(Copernicus Publications, 2009) Quesada, C. A.; Lloyd, Jon; Schwarz, M.; Baker, T. R.; Phillips, O. L.; Patiño, Sandra; Czimczi, C.; Hodnett, M. G.; Herrera, R.; Arneth, A.; Lloyd, G.; Malhi, Y.; Dezzeo, N.; Luizâo, F. J.; Santos, A. J. B.; Schmerler, J.; Arroyo, L.; Silveira, M.; Priante Filho, N.; Jiménez, Eliana; Paiva, R.; Vieira, I.; Neil, D. A.; Silva, N.; Peñuela, Maria Cristina; Monteagudo, A.; Vásquez, R.; Prieto, A.; Rudas, A.; Almeida, S.; Higuchi, N.; Lezama, A. T.; López-González, G.; Peacock, J.; Fyllas, N. M.; Álvarez Dávila, Esteban; Fiore, A. di; Chao, K. J.; Honorio, E.; Killeen, T.; Peña Cruz, A.; Pitman, N.; Núñez Vargas, P.; Salomao, R.; Terborgh, J.; Ramírez, H.Forest structure and dynamics have been noted to vary across the Amazon Basin in an east-west gradient in a pattern which coincides with variations in soil fertility and geology. This has resulted in the hypothesis that soil fertility may play an important role in explaining Basin-wide variations in forest biomass, growth and stem turnover rates. To test this hypothesis and assess the importance of edaphic properties in affect forest structure and dynamics, soil and plant samples were collected in a total of 59 different forest plots across the Amazon Basin. Samples were analysed for exchangeable cations, C, N, pH with various P fractions also determined. Physical properties were also examined and an index of soil physical quality developed. Overall, forest structure and dynamics were found to be strongly and quantitatively related to edaphic conditions. Tree turnover rates emerged to be mostly influenced by soil physical properties whereas forest growth rates were mainly related to a measure of available soil phosphorus, although also dependent on rainfall amount and distribution. On the other hand, large scale variations in forest biomass could not be explained by any of the edaphic properties measured, nor by variation in climate. A new hypothesis of self-maintaining forest dynamic feedback mechanisms initiated by edaphic conditions is proposed. It is further suggested that this is a major factor determining forest disturbance levels, species composition and forest productivity on a Basin wide scale.Ítem Fine root dynamics for forests on contrasting soils in the Colombian Amazon(Copernicus Publications, 2009) Jimenez, Eliana; Patiño, Sandra; Peñuela, Maria Cristina; Moreno, F. H.; Lloyd, JonIt has been hypothesized that as soil fertility increases, the amount of carbon allocated to below-ground production (fine roots) should decrease. To evaluate this hypothesis, we measured the standing crop fine root mass and the production of fine roots (2 mm) by two methods: (1) ingrowth cores and, (2) sequential soil coring, during 2.2 years in two lowland forests growing on different soils types in the Colombian Amazon. Differences of soil resources were defined by the type and physical and chemical properties of soil: a forest on clay loam soil (Endostagnic Plinthosol) at the Amacayacu National Natural Park and, the other on white sand (Ortseinc Podzol) at the Zafire Biological Station, located in the Forest Reservation of the Calder´on River. We found that the standing crop fine root mass and the production was significantly different between soil depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm) and also between forests. The loamy sand forest allocated more carbon to fine roots than the clay loam forest with the production in loamy sand forest twice (mean±standard error=2.98±0.36 and 3.33±0.69MgC ha−1 yr−1, method 1 and 2, respectively) as much as for the more fertile loamy soil forest (1.51±0.14, method 1, and from 1.03±0.31 to 1.36±0.23MgC ha−1 yr−1, method 2). Similarly, the average of standing crop fine root mass was higher in the white-sands forest (10.94±0.33MgC ha−1) as compared to the forest on the more fertile soil (from 3.04±0.15 to 3.64±0.18MgC ha−1). The standing crop fine root mass also showed a temporal pattern related to rainfall, with the production of fine roots decreasing substantially in the dry period of the year 2005. These results suggest that soil resources may play an important role in patterns of carbon allocation to the production of fine roots in these forests as the proportion of carbon allocated to above- and below-ground organs is different between forest types. Thus, a trade-off between above- and below-ground growth seems to exist with our results also suggesting that there are no differences in total net primary productivity between these two forests, but with higher below-ground production and lower aboveground production for the forest on the nutrient poor soil.Ítem Branch xylem density variations across the Amazon Basin(Copernicus Publications, 2009) Patiño, Sandra; Lloyd, Jon; Paiva, R.; Baker, Timothy R.; Quesada, Carlos Alberto; Mercado, L. M.; Schmerler, J.; Schwarz, M.; Santos, A. J. B.; Aguilar, A.; Czimczik, C. I.; Gallo, J.; Horna, V.; Hoyos, E. J.; Jimenez, Eliana; Peacock, J.; Peña-Cruz, A.; Sarmiento, C.; Sota, A.; Turriago, J. D.; Villanueva, B.; Vitzthum, P.; Álvarez Dávila, Esteban; Arroyo, L.; Baraloto, C.; Bonal, D.; Chave, J.; Costa, A. C. L.; Herrera, R.; Higuchi, Niro; Killeen, T.; Leal, E.; Luizâo, F. J.; Meir, P.; Monteagudo, A.; Neil, D. A.; Núñez Vargas, P.; Peñuela, Maria Cristina; Pitman, N.; Priante Filho, N.; Prieto, A.; Panfil, S. N.; Rudas, A.; Salomao, R.; Silva, N.; Silveira, M.; Soares de Almeida, S.; Torres-Lezama, A.; Vasquez-Martınez, R.; Vieira, I.; Malhi, Y.; Phillips, O. L.Xylem density is a physical property of wood that varies between individuals, species and environments. It reflects the physiological strategies of trees that lead to growth, survival and reproduction. Measurements of branch xylem density, -px-, were made for 1653 trees representing 598 species, sampled from 87 sites across the Amazon basin. Measured values ranged from 218 kgm−3 for a Cordia sagotii (Boraginaceae) from Mountagne de Tortue, French Guiana to 1130 kgm−3 for an Aiouea sp. (Lauraceae) from Caxiuana, Central Par´a, Brazil. Analysis of variance showed significant differences in average -px- across regions and sampled plots as well as significant differences between families, genera and species. A partitioning of the total variance in the dataset showed that species identity (family, genera and species) accounted for 33% with environment (geographic location and plot) accounting for an additional 26%; the remaining “residual” variance accounted for 41% of the total variance. Variations in plot means, were, however, not only accountable by differences in species composition because xylem density of the most widely distributed species in our dataset varied systematically from plot to plot. Thus, as well as having a genetic component, branch xylem density is a plastic trait that, for any given species, varies according to where the tree is growing in a predictable manner. Within the analysed taxa, exceptions to this general rule seem to be pioneer species belonging for example to the Urticaceae whose branch xylem density is more constrained than most species sampled in this study. These patterns of variation of branch xylem density across Amazonia suggest a large functional diversity amongst Amazonian trees which is not well understood.Ítem Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils(Copernicus Publications, 2009) Aragao, L. E. O. C.; Malhi, Y.; Metcalfe, D. B.; Silva-Espejo, J. E.; Jiménez, Eliana; Navarrete, D.; Almeida, S.; Costa, A. C. L.; Salinas, N.; Phillips, O. L.; Anderson, L. O.; Álvarez Dávila, Esteban; Baker, T. R.; Goncalvez, P. H.; Huamán-Ovalle, J.; Mamani-Solórzano, M.; Meir, P.; Monteagudo, A.; Patiño, Sandra; Peñuela, Maria Cristina; Prieto, A.; Quesada, C. A.; Rozas-Dávila, A.; Rudas, A.; Silva Jr., J. A.; Vásquez, R.The net primary productivity (NPP) of tropical forests is one of the most important and least quantified components of the global carbon cycle. Most relevant studies have focused particularly on the quantification of the above-ground coarse wood productivity, and little is known about the carbon fluxes involved in other elements of the NPP, the partitioning of total NPP between its above- and below-ground components and the main environmental drivers of these patterns. In this study we quantify the above- and below-ground NPP of ten Amazonian forests to address two questions: (1) How do Amazonian forests allocate productivity among its above- and below-ground components? (2) How do soil and leaf nutrient status and soil texture affect the productivity of Amazonian forests? Using a standardized methodology to measure the major elements of productivity, we show that NPP varies between 9.3±1.3MgC ha−1 yr−1 (mean±standard error), at a white sand plot, and 17.0±1.4MgC ha−1 yr−1 at a very fertile Terra Preta site, with an overall average of 12.8±0.9MgC ha−1 yr−1. The studied forests allocate on average 64±3% and 36±3% of the total NPP to the aboveand below-ground components, respectively. The ratio of above-ground and below-ground NPP is almost invariant with total NPP. Litterfall and fine root production both increase with total NPP, while stem production shows no overall trend. Total NPP tends to increase with soil phosphorus and leaf nitrogen status. However, allocation of NPP to below-ground shows no relationship to soil fertility, but appears to decrease with the increase of soil clay content.Ítem Diálogo de saberes y meta-saberes del diálogo: una perspectiva amazónica(Universidad del Cauca, 2008) Echeverri, Juan Alvaro; Román, Oscar RomualdoHacemos una reflexión crítica sobre la noción de diálogo de saberes, a partir de nuestra experiencia en un proyecto conjunto sobre frutales oleaginosos entre la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y una comunidad uitoto del Medio Caquetá (Amazonía colombiana). En la primera sección “El saber – la sal del asunto” analizamos la naturaleza del objeto del saber y las modalidades de su demostración entre los indígenas. En la segunda sección “Diálogos promisorios” abordamos el asunto del diálogo a partir del estudio de los sujetos participantes en el proyecto sobre frutales promisorios. En la última sección “Meta-saberes del diálogo” presentamos el discurso indígena sobre el mambeo de coca, que nos da las bases para plantear que el diálogo de saberes no es un diálogo de conocimientos, sino que es un diálogo de sujetos socialmente situados – un arte política. / Abstract. In this article we carry out a critical reassessment of the notion of “knowledge dialogue” (approximate translation of diálogo de saberes), from our experience in a joint research project about oil fruit trees between Universidad Nacional de Colombia and a Uitoto indigenous group of the Middle Caquetá region (Colombian Amazon). In the first section “Knowing – the salt of the matter” we analyze the nature of the object of knowledge and the modalities of demonstration of knowledge in indigenous culture. In the second section “Promising dialogues”, we approach the issue of dialogue from the discussion of the roles of the actors who participated in the project. In the last section “Dialogue meta-knowledge”, we present indigenous discourse on the chewing of coca, which allows us to avow that knowledge dialogue is not a dialogue of the contents of knowledge, but a dialogue of socially situated individual subjects – a political art.