Patrones de especialización productiva y eficiencia ambiental: Una aproximación desde la MIP-ACV
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Zhang Bernal, Zuleima
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El presente trabajo explora la relación entre especialización productiva, eficiencia ambiental y comercio internacional para el caso colombiano. En este documento se busca analizar si el patrón de especialización y la dinámica comercial del país han hecho de éste un refugio de contaminación para sus principales socios comerciales. Para este fin, se construyó un modelo de insumo producto de análisis de ciclo de vida para determinar la intensidad de carga ambiental asociada a las exportaciones (a) e importaciones de Alemania, Estados Unidos, Japón, China, Brasil, México y Colombia, para los años 2005 y 2010. Este marco metodológico se emplea para capturar la carga ambiental asociada a la cadena de abastecimiento de 16 sectores transables, sin apelar al supuesto de tecnología común. Se identificaron a los sectores otros minerales no metálicos, coque y refinación de petroleo, alimentos, bebidas y tabaco, y químicos y productos químicos, como los sectores más contaminantes debido a su elevado consumo directo e indirecto de combustibles fósiles para soportar sus procesos de producción. De la comparación de los patrones de especialización se obtiene que Colombia presenta una importante especialización en tres de los sectores con mayor contaminación por emisiones totales de CO2, y en dos sectores intensivos en recursos naturales. Finalmente, del estudio de la dinámica comercial del país en términos ambientales, según los indicadores de Atwellier y Ghertner, se obtiene que Colombia es un exportador neto del factor tierra y biomasa en el comercio bilateral con los seis países.
Abstract. This paper explores the relationship between specialization, environmental efficiency and international trade for the Colombian case. This paper seeks to analyze whether the pattern of specialization and trade dynamics have made of this country a pollution haven to its major trading partners. To this end, an environmental input-output model was constructed to determine the intensity of environmental burden associated with exports (to) and imports from Germany, the USA, Japan, China, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia, for 2005 and 2010. This methodological framework is used to capture the environmental burden associated with the supply chain of 16 tradable sectors, without basing on the assumption of common technology. Other non-metallic minerals, coke and petroleum refining, food, beverages and snuff, and chemicals and chemical products, were identified as the most polluting sectors due to their high direct and indirect consumption of fossil fuels to support their production processes. A comparison of the patterns of specialization and the environmental burden shows that Colombia has a comparative advantage in three of the highest pollutant sectors, and in two natural resource intensive sectors. Finally, the study of the Colombian trade in environmental terms, following Atwellier and Ghertner, shows that Colombia is a net exporter of natural resources and land factor in bilateral trade with the six countries.
Abstract. This paper explores the relationship between specialization, environmental efficiency and international trade for the Colombian case. This paper seeks to analyze whether the pattern of specialization and trade dynamics have made of this country a pollution haven to its major trading partners. To this end, an environmental input-output model was constructed to determine the intensity of environmental burden associated with exports (to) and imports from Germany, the USA, Japan, China, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia, for 2005 and 2010. This methodological framework is used to capture the environmental burden associated with the supply chain of 16 tradable sectors, without basing on the assumption of common technology. Other non-metallic minerals, coke and petroleum refining, food, beverages and snuff, and chemicals and chemical products, were identified as the most polluting sectors due to their high direct and indirect consumption of fossil fuels to support their production processes. A comparison of the patterns of specialization and the environmental burden shows that Colombia has a comparative advantage in three of the highest pollutant sectors, and in two natural resource intensive sectors. Finally, the study of the Colombian trade in environmental terms, following Atwellier and Ghertner, shows that Colombia is a net exporter of natural resources and land factor in bilateral trade with the six countries.