Diseño de un índice de efectividad para el análisis de metodologías empleadas en la elaboración de estudios de impacto ambiental en Colombia
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Caro González, Ana Lucía
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Trabajo de grado - Maestría
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EspañolFecha de publicación
2016-11-24
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El Estudio de Impacto ambiental (EsIA) es una herramienta básica para la toma de decisiones sobre obras o actividades que pueden afectar el ambiente. Debe incluir metodologías de análisis cuya estructura e implementación sea rigurosa para generar un resultado acertado sobre la significancia de los impactos potenciales. Debido a la necesidad de establecer parámetros de calidad y desempeño, se propone un índice de efectividad para evaluar las metodologías empleadas para tal fin. Este se diseñó en tres fases: i) identificación de los parámetros de análisis, ii) planteamiento de indicadores y iii) formulación de la expresión matemática. El índice de efectividad para las metodologías de evaluación ambiental (IEM), integra dos elementos ponderados: i) el valor de los parámetros estructurales (VPE) que hace referencia al concepto de eficacia relacionada con el diseño de la metodología y los elementos que la componen. Este tiene cuatro variables ponderadas: a) totalidad, b) objetividad, c) pertinencia, d) rigurosidad y un factor de incertidumbre (FIA). ii) El valor de los parámetros operativos (VPO), representa la eficiencia de la metodología y se articula con la forma de ejecutar la metodología, los actores involucrados y los recursos empleados. Incluye tres variables ponderadas: a) interdisciplinariedad, b) experticia y c) participación. Para asignar un valor a las variables se plantea un sistema de indicadores descriptivos. A partir de la implementación del IEM se concluye que las metodologías empleadas para evaluar los impactos ambientales en Colombia durante el periodo 2012-2014 no son efectivas, por tal razón las acciones tomadas alrededor de estos y su posible manejo son insuficientes pues no se contemplan los impactos que fueron mal evaluados. Se recomienda el uso de esta herramienta para identificar fallas en las metodologías empleadas en la evaluación de impactos ambientales, con el fin de generar estrategias de control por parte de evaluadores y autoridades encargadas.
Abstract. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a basic tool for decision-making about activities that may affect the environment. Because of its importance, the EIS should include impact assessment methodologies with thorough structures and implementation, so that the results obtained regarding possible environmental impacts are accurate. Due to the need for quality and performance parameters, an index of effectiveness is proposed to evaluate the methodologies used for that purpose. This was designed in three phases: i) identification of analysis parameters; ii) indicators setting; and iii) formulation of the mathematical expression. The effectiveness index for environmental assessment methodologies (EIM), incorporates two weighted elements: i) the structural parameters value (SPV) that refers to the concept of efficacy related to the design of the methodology and its components. It has four weighted variables: a) totality; b) objectivity; c) relevance; d) accuracy and an uncertainty factor (UF) established from opinions by experts. ii) The operating parameters value (OPV), represents the efficiency of the evaluation and it articulates the development of the methodology, the stakeholders and resources employed. The OVP includes three weighted variables: a) interdisciplinarity; b) expertise; and c) participation. To assign the value of variables, a system of descriptive indicators is proposed. From the implementation of the EIM it is concluded that the methodologies used to evaluate environmental impacts in Colombia during the period 2012-2014 are not effective, for this reason the actions taken around these and possible management are insufficient because are not addressed the impacts that were poorly evaluated. The use of this tool is recommended to identify failures in the methodology in order to generate control strategies.
Abstract. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a basic tool for decision-making about activities that may affect the environment. Because of its importance, the EIS should include impact assessment methodologies with thorough structures and implementation, so that the results obtained regarding possible environmental impacts are accurate. Due to the need for quality and performance parameters, an index of effectiveness is proposed to evaluate the methodologies used for that purpose. This was designed in three phases: i) identification of analysis parameters; ii) indicators setting; and iii) formulation of the mathematical expression. The effectiveness index for environmental assessment methodologies (EIM), incorporates two weighted elements: i) the structural parameters value (SPV) that refers to the concept of efficacy related to the design of the methodology and its components. It has four weighted variables: a) totality; b) objectivity; c) relevance; d) accuracy and an uncertainty factor (UF) established from opinions by experts. ii) The operating parameters value (OPV), represents the efficiency of the evaluation and it articulates the development of the methodology, the stakeholders and resources employed. The OVP includes three weighted variables: a) interdisciplinarity; b) expertise; and c) participation. To assign the value of variables, a system of descriptive indicators is proposed. From the implementation of the EIM it is concluded that the methodologies used to evaluate environmental impacts in Colombia during the period 2012-2014 are not effective, for this reason the actions taken around these and possible management are insufficient because are not addressed the impacts that were poorly evaluated. The use of this tool is recommended to identify failures in the methodology in order to generate control strategies.