Contribuciones desde la geografía a la definición del área de influencia y zonificación ambiental de Proyectos Hidroeléctricos en Colombia: caso tipo PH Cañafisto
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Romero Barreiro, Claudia Patricia
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En Colombia, el desarrollo económico se mide por su crecimiento y el aumento de la producción, donde el sector minero energético tiene un particular interés gubernamental, dada su alta participación en el PIB. Teniendo en cuenta los conflictos socioambientales y los impactos causados por la generación hidroeléctrica a gran escala al desconocer las dinámicas territoriales y no considerar un asertivo proceso de participación social en el marco del licenciamiento ambiental de estas infraestructuras, se evidencia la necesidad de conciliar integralmente lo económico y lo ambiental desde una perspectiva geográfica. De esta manera, bajo el enfoque en triada de la geografía económica relacional, el análisis del paisaje desde la geografía y la planificación ambiental y territorial, se busca conciliar la visión dicotómica entre lo biofísico y lo social que tradicionalmente ha orientado la visión del Estado colombiano sobre lo ambiental, en la pretensión de resignificar y redimensionar lo social en la toma de decisiones para el licenciamiento ambiental de hidroeléctricas. Se realiza un análisis crítico de los Términos de Referencia expedidos por la autoridad ambiental, particularmente centrado en el enfoque y los criterios para la delimitación del área de influencia y la definición de la zonificación ambiental como estructurantes del EIA. Como resultado de ello, se construye una propuesta metodológica que considera los desarrollos técnicos multicriterio y reconoce la participación social como fundamental y transversal en los procesos de licenciamiento ambiental toda vez que inciden en las realidades territoriales.
Abstract: Economic development in Colombia is measured by its manufacturing growth in which the energy and mining sector has a specific governmental interest due to its high contribution to GDP. In view of the socio-environmental conflicts, the damaging effect of large-scale hydroelectric generation, the lack of in-depth knowledge of territorial dynamics and the significance of social involvement in the environmental licensing of these infrastructures, it is clear that, from a geographical point of view, financial elements must be fully reconciled with environmental elements. It is in this spirit that, under the triad approach of relational economic geography and influenced by environmental geography and environmental/territorial planning, the landscape analysis aims to reconcile the false dichotomy of the biophysical versus the social- a dichotomy that traditionally reflects the State of Colombia's perspective on the environmental issues. In the present thesis, a critical analysis of the Terms of Reference, issued by the environmental authority, is the focal point with a specific focus on the strategy and criteria for defining the region of impact and the definition of environmental zoning as EIA structuring. The thesis' primary contribution is to propose a methodology that considers multidimensional technical developments and acknowledges social participation as essential to processes for environmental licensing, knowing how deeply they affect territorial realities.
Abstract: Economic development in Colombia is measured by its manufacturing growth in which the energy and mining sector has a specific governmental interest due to its high contribution to GDP. In view of the socio-environmental conflicts, the damaging effect of large-scale hydroelectric generation, the lack of in-depth knowledge of territorial dynamics and the significance of social involvement in the environmental licensing of these infrastructures, it is clear that, from a geographical point of view, financial elements must be fully reconciled with environmental elements. It is in this spirit that, under the triad approach of relational economic geography and influenced by environmental geography and environmental/territorial planning, the landscape analysis aims to reconcile the false dichotomy of the biophysical versus the social- a dichotomy that traditionally reflects the State of Colombia's perspective on the environmental issues. In the present thesis, a critical analysis of the Terms of Reference, issued by the environmental authority, is the focal point with a specific focus on the strategy and criteria for defining the region of impact and the definition of environmental zoning as EIA structuring. The thesis' primary contribution is to propose a methodology that considers multidimensional technical developments and acknowledges social participation as essential to processes for environmental licensing, knowing how deeply they affect territorial realities.
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Palabras clave propuestas
Licenciamiento ambiental; Planificación territorial; Planificación ambiental; Hidroeléctricas; Geografía económica; Geografía ambiental; Análisis del paisaje; Impacto ambiental; Environmental licensing; Territorial planning; Environmental planning; Hydro Electrical project; Economical geography; Environmental geography; Landscape analysis; Rural territory; Environment Effect