Evaluación teórica/experimental de las propiedades fisicoquímicas del combustible Jet-A1 y el efecto generado en dichas propiedades por la presencia de agua
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Benavides Chaves, Alirio Yobany
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Uno de los combustibles de aviación más usados a nivel mundial es el Jet – A1, el cual es un destilado medio proveniente de los procesos de refino del petróleo crudo, con características especiales de calidad y tratado químicamente para eliminar compuestos indeseables. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas del Jet-A1 dependen fundamentalmente de su composición química, la cual puede variar de muestra a muestra como resultado de la diversidad de la dieta de crudos que procese la refinería. Por tanto, se hace importante estudiar la relación que existe entre composición y propiedades y el desarrollo e implementación de nuevas alternativas y métodos de control de calidad rápidos y con alto nivel de confiabilidad.
En este trabajo se realiza una evaluación teórica y experimental del efecto de la composición química y del contenido de agua en las propiedades fisicoquímicas básicas del combustible Jet A1. Inicialmente se desarrolla una metodología basada en cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) para determinar la composición de un conjunto representativo de muestras de Jet A1. La aplicación de dicha metodología permite cuantificar el contenido en porcentaje másico de cinco (5) familias principales de hidrocarburos: parafínicos, cicloparafínicos (nafténicos), aromáticos, derivados del naftaleno y derivados de la tetralina y del indano. Posteriormente, se analiza el efecto de las variaciones en la composición química sobre un conjunto de propiedades fisicoquímicas representativas del combustible (calor de combustión, destilación, gravedad específica, punto de congelamiento, punto de inflamación, viscosidad y temperatura de inicio de cristalización). Mediante análisis estadístico se identifican los componentes puros de cada familia de hidrocarburos con mayor efecto significativo sobre cada propiedad fisicoquímica. Para evaluar el efecto generado por el mezclado del combustible con agua se recurre a un diseño de experimentos y a un análisis estadístico univariado y multivariado. Los resultados indican que a concentraciones de agua superiores a 3000 ppm se presentan cambios significativos en propiedades fisicoquímicas como destilación, punto de congelamiento, punto de inflamación, viscosidad cinemática y temperatura de inicio de cristalización. Finalmente, se analizan modelos teóricos propiedad-composición para predecir las propiedades fisicoquímicas del combustible Jet A1. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron ajustes satisfactorios para cada propiedad, indicando que este tipo de modelos se pueden considerar como una herramienta valiosa para la predicción rápida de las especificaciones de calidad del combustible Jet-A1.
The Jet-A1 is one of the most widely used aviation fuels worldwide. This is a medium distillate from crude oil refining processes, with special quality characteristics and chemically treated to remove undesirable compounds. The physicochemical properties of this fuel mainly depend on its composition, which may vary from sample to sample as a result of the diversity of the crude diet processed by the refinery. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between composition and properties in order to develop and implement new alternatives and rapid quality control methods with a high level of reliability. The aim of this work is to perform a theoretical and experimental evaluation of the effect of chemical composition and water content on the physiochemical properties of the Jet A1 fuel. Initially, a methodology based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is developed for quantifying the composition of a representative set of fuel samples. Application of this methodology allows determining the content in mass percent of five hydrocarbon families: paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic or benzenic compounds, naphthalene, tetralin and indane derived compounds. Then, the effect of composition variation on a set of fuel properties (heat value, distillation curve, specific gravity, freezing point, flash point, viscosity, and onset crystallization temperature) is analyzed. The pure components of each hydrocarbon family with the greatest significative effect on each fuel property were identify by means of statistical analysis. The effect of the fuel/water mixing process was evaluated by an experimental design and univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Results indicate that significative changes in the physicochemical properties such as distillation, freezing point, flash point, kinematic viscosity and crystallization onset temperature appear at water concentrations above 3000 ppm. Finally, property-composition models to predict the physicochemical properties of the Jet A1 fuel were derived from a theoretical study. Results show satisfactory adjustments for each property and so can be considered as a valuable tool for the rapid prediction of the quality specifications of this type of fuel.
The Jet-A1 is one of the most widely used aviation fuels worldwide. This is a medium distillate from crude oil refining processes, with special quality characteristics and chemically treated to remove undesirable compounds. The physicochemical properties of this fuel mainly depend on its composition, which may vary from sample to sample as a result of the diversity of the crude diet processed by the refinery. Therefore, it is important to study the relationship between composition and properties in order to develop and implement new alternatives and rapid quality control methods with a high level of reliability. The aim of this work is to perform a theoretical and experimental evaluation of the effect of chemical composition and water content on the physiochemical properties of the Jet A1 fuel. Initially, a methodology based on gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is developed for quantifying the composition of a representative set of fuel samples. Application of this methodology allows determining the content in mass percent of five hydrocarbon families: paraffinic, naphthenic, aromatic or benzenic compounds, naphthalene, tetralin and indane derived compounds. Then, the effect of composition variation on a set of fuel properties (heat value, distillation curve, specific gravity, freezing point, flash point, viscosity, and onset crystallization temperature) is analyzed. The pure components of each hydrocarbon family with the greatest significative effect on each fuel property were identify by means of statistical analysis. The effect of the fuel/water mixing process was evaluated by an experimental design and univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Results indicate that significative changes in the physicochemical properties such as distillation, freezing point, flash point, kinematic viscosity and crystallization onset temperature appear at water concentrations above 3000 ppm. Finally, property-composition models to predict the physicochemical properties of the Jet A1 fuel were derived from a theoretical study. Results show satisfactory adjustments for each property and so can be considered as a valuable tool for the rapid prediction of the quality specifications of this type of fuel.