Evaluación de la actividad tripanocida de extractos de plantas del género Piper en cultivos de Trypanosoma cruzi
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Niño Neira, Angie Catherine
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Abstract
Chagas disease is one of the diseases with the greatest impact in Latin America, caused
by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite. Currently there are few drugs available for the
treatment of this disease, which are of limited use due to the difficulties in their
administration and the genotoxic effects they cause. This highlights the need to seek new
therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of Chagas disease, for which plants continue to
be an affordable first-line option in endemic areas. In this sense, the present study
contributes to the search for substances with antiparasitic potential for the control of T.
cruzi from Colombian species belonging to the Piper genus. The methodology included
the selection of extracts of the Piper genus with antiparasitic effect on T.cruzi
epimastigotes that present low levels of toxicity in Vero cells. Subsequently, the effect of
extracts and fractions from selected Piper species on T. cruzi trypomastigotes and
amastigotes was established. Finally, the general profile of the metabolites present in the
extracts and fractions were studied by preliminary phytochemical analysis in thin layer
chromatography. The screening of trypanocidal activity and cytotoxicity with extracts
obtained from species of the genus Piper allowed identifying the extracts of inflorescences
(E-9) and leaves (E-15) of P. asperiusculum as the most promising against Trypanosoma
cruzi epimastigotes, since they exhibited CI50 lower than 25 µg/mL. These extracts were
also active against T. cruzi trypomastigotes with EC50 of 13.85 and 22.93 µg/mL,
respectively. The fractions obtained from the E-9 extract showed a lower effect on
T. cruzi trypomastigotes. However, the trypanocidal activity on this stage of the parasite
was concentrated in the DCM fraction (EC50 = 20.50 µg/mL). The study also established
the effect of the E-9 extract and its DCM fraction on the amastigote stage of T. cruzi,
finding CI50 of 14.55 and 18.92 µg/mL, respectively. The AFP performed on E-9 and the
DCM fraction allowed determining the presence of flavonoids, phenols, amides, acid
derivatives, triterpenes and/or steroids in the extract. In addition, it was established that
amides and flavonoids are absent in the DCM fraction, which may be related to the
decrease in trypanocidal activity, with respect to the activity exhibited by E-9.
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