Bird diversity patterns in northern Andes cities and functional diversity in urban green spaces in Medellín-Colombia

Vista sencilla de ítem
dc.contributor.advisorMancera Rodríguez, Néstor Javierspa
dc.contributor.authorRuiz Giraldo, Nataliaspa
dc.contributor.corporatenameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellínspa
dc.contributor.researchgroupEcología y Conservación de Fauna Silvestrespa
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-26T19:44:47Zspa
dc.date.available2021-02-26T19:44:47Zspa
dc.date.issued2020-09-20spa
dc.description.abstractLa urbanización en las ciudades del norte de los Andes ha direccionado procesos de transformación de paisaje y pérdida de biodiversidad local. El primer capítulo evalúa patrones de diversidad taxonómica de aves en las cuatro ciudades más grandes del norte de los Andes (Bogotá, Medellín y Cali en Colombia, y Quito en Ecuador), basada en información de 70 Espacios Verdes Urbanos (EVU) y 4 sitios suburbanos obtenida de 13 referencias bibliograficas. La composición de las comunidades de aves fue más similar entre las zonas urbanas de las ciudades que entre cada ciudad y su correspondiente sitio de referencia suburbano, lo que sugiere un proceso de homogenización biótica. La riqueza de aves mostró diferentes patrones de acuerdo al tipo de cobertura: en Quito la riqueza de aves estuvo mejor explicada por el área de los árboles en buffers de 1000m alrededor de los centroides de los (R2= 0,50, Raj=0,43) mientras que, en Bogotá, por el área construida en buffers de 1000m (R2= 0.43, Raj = 0.34), y en Medellín por zona de pastos arbustivos en buffers de 200m (R2= 0.63, Raj=0.58). El segundo capítulo analiza el efecto de las variables estructurales, vegetales y de paisaje en la diversidad funcional de aves en 44 EVU en Medellín, a través de dos enfoques: el índice de integridad (IBI) y los componentes de diversidad funcional: riqueza funcional (FRic), uniformidad funcional (FEve), divergencia funcional (FDiv) y especialización funcional (FSpe). El IBI reflejó la integridad del hábitat. FRic y FSpe se correlacionaron positivamente con la riqueza de aves y la integridad del hábitat, mientras Feve se correlacionó negativamente con la riqueza de aves y la integridad del hábitat, y FDiv no mostró relación. Los dos enfoques permiten una mejor comprensión de la diversidad funcional.spa
dc.description.abstractUrbanization in northern Andes cities has contributed lead to landscape transformation and the detrimentloss of local biodiversity. The first chapter evaluated taxonomic bird diversity patterns across the four largest cities of Northern Andes (Bogotá, Medellín, and Cali in Colombia, and Quito in Ecuador), based on information of 70 UGS and four suburban sites obtained from 13 references. Bird community assemblage composition among cities (beta diversity) showed higher similarity than bird assemblages of each town with its periurban reference site, suggesting a process of biotic homogenization due to urbanization sprawl. Bird richness (alfa diversity) showed different patterns within cities according to land cover characteristics: in Quito, bird richness was better explained by tree area in 1000m buffers around the UGS centroids (R2= 0.50, Raj = 0.43), whereas, in Bogotá, by the built area in 1000m buffers (R2= 0.43, Raj = 0.34), and in Medellín by shrubby grassland area in 200m buffers (R2= 0.63, Raj = 0.58). The second chapter analysed the effects of structural variables, vegetation characteristics and landscape variables of UGS on bird functional diversity in 44 UGS located in Medellín-Colombia, using two approaches: the bird-based integrity index (IBI) and the following functional diversity components: functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve), functional divergence (FDiv), and functional specialization (FSpe). The IBI was able to reflect habitat integrity. FRic and FSpe correlated positively with bird richness and habitat integrity, whereas FEve correlated negatively with bird richness and habitat integrity, and FDiv showed no relation. The two approaches allowed a better understanding of functional diversity.spa
dc.description.degreelevelMaestríaspa
dc.format.extent160spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.citationRuiz, N, & Mancera, N. (2020). Bird diversity patterns in northern Andes cities and functional diversity in urban green spaces in Medellín-Colombia. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medelín, Colombia.spa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79320
dc.language.isoengspa
dc.publisher.branchUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellínspa
dc.publisher.departmentDepartamento de Geociencias y Medo Ambientespa
dc.publisher.programMedellín - Minas - Maestría en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollospa
dc.relation.referencesAcevedo, M. A., & Aide, T. M. (2008). Bird community dynamics and habitat associations in Karst, mangrove and Pterocarpus forest fragments in an urban zone in Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science, 44(3), 402–416. https://doi.org/10.18475/cjos.v44i3.a15spa
dc.relation.referencesAl Halwachi, H. K., Yakovlev, D. S., & Boek, E. S. (2012). Systematic optimization of asphaltene molecular structure and molecular weight using the quantitative molecular representation approach. Energy and Fuels, 26(10), 6177–6185. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef300604qspa
dc.relation.referencesAlexandrino, E. R., Buechley, E. R., Karr, J. R., Ferraz, K. M. P. M. de B., Ferraz, S. F. de B., Couto, H. T. Z. do, & Şekercioğlu, Ç. H. (2017). Bird based Index of Biotic Integrity: Assessing the ecological condition of Atlantic Forest patches in a human-modified landscape. Ecological Indicators, 73, 662–675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.10.023spa
dc.relation.referencesAlexandrino, E. R., Buechley, E. R., Piratelli, A. J., Ferraz, K. M. P. M. D. B., De Andrade Moral, R., Şekercioʇlu, Ç. H., … Couto, H. T. Z. Do. (2016). Bird sensitivity to disturbance as an indicator of forest patch conditions: An issue in environmental assessments. Ecological Indicators, 66, 369–381.spa
dc.relation.referencesAlvey, A. A. (2006). Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 5(4), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.09.003spa
dc.relation.referencesAmaya-espinel, J. D., Hostetler, M., Henríquez, C., & Bonacic, C. (2019). Landscape and Urban Planning The influence of building density on Neotropical bird communities found in small urban parks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 190(May), 103578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.009spa
dc.relation.referencesAntonio, C. D., & Meyerson, L. A. (2002). Exotic Plant Species as Problems and Solutions in Ecological Restoration: A Synthesis. Restoration Ecology, 10(4), 703–713. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01051.xspa
dc.relation.referencesArendt, W. J., Tórrez, M., & Vilchez, S. (2012). Diversidad De Aves En Agropaisajes En La Región, (May 2017), 113–131.spa
dc.relation.referencesAronson, M. F. J., La Sorte, F. A., Nilon, C. H., Katti, M., Goddard, M. A., Lepczyk, C. A., … Winter, M. (2014). A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 281(1780). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3330spa
dc.relation.referencesArteaga, W. (2017). Diversidad de aves del campus universitario de la Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito. Siembra, 4(1), 172–182.spa
dc.relation.referencesBax, V., & Francesconi, W. (2019). Conservation gaps and priorities in the Tropical Andes biodiversity hotspot: Implications for the expansion of protected areas. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 387–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.086spa
dc.relation.referencesBeissinger, S. R., & Osborne, D. R. (1982). Effects of Urbanization on Avian Community Organization. The Condor, 84(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.2307/1367825spa
dc.relation.referencesBellwood, D. R., Wainwright, P. C., Fulton, C. J., & Hoey, A. S. (2006). Functional versatility supports coral reef biodiversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273(1582), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3276spa
dc.relation.referencesBeninde, J., Veith, M., & Hochkirch, A. (2015). Biodiversity in cities needs space: A meta-analysis of factors determining intra-urban biodiversity variation. Ecology Letters, 18(6), 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12427spa
dc.relation.referencesBibby, C., Jones, M., & Marsden, S. (1998b). Expedition Field Techniques: Bird Surveys: Expedition Advisory Centre. Royal Geographical Society (with The Institute of British Geographers), Londonspa
dc.relation.referencesBiswas, S. R., & Mallik, A. U. (2010). Disturbance effects on species diversity and functional diversity in riparian and upland plant communities. Ecology, 91(1), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0887.1spa
dc.relation.referencesBjerke, T., Østdahl, T., Thrane, C., & Strumse, E. (2006). Vegetation density of urban parks and perceived appropriateness for recreation. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 5(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2006.01.006spa
dc.relation.referencesBlair, R. B. (1996). Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications, 6(2), 506–519. https://doi.org/10.2307/2269387spa
dc.relation.referencesBlair, R. B. (2001). Birds and Butterflies Along Urban Gradients in Two Ecoregions of the United States: Is Urbanization Creating a Homogeneous Fauna? Biotic Homogenization, 33–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1261-5_3spa
dc.relation.referencesBlair, R. B., & Johnson, Æ. E. M. (2014). Suburban habitats and their role for birds in the urban-rural habitat network : Points of local invasion and extinction ? Suburban habitats and their role for birds in the urban – rural habitat network : points of local invasion and extinction ?, (January 2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9267-yspa
dc.relation.referencesBlewett, C. M., & Marzluff, J. M. (2005). Effects of Urban Sprawl on Snags and the Abundance and Productivity of Cavity-Nesting Birds. The Condor, 107(3), 678. https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2005)107[0678:eousos]2.0.co;2spa
dc.relation.referencesBryce, S. A. (2006). Development of a bird integrity index: Measuring avian response to disturbance in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, USA. Environmental Management, 38(3), 470–486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-005-0152-zspa
dc.relation.referencesBryce, S. A., Hughes, R. M., & Kaufmann, P. R. (2002). Development of a bird integrity index: Using bird assemblages as indicators of riparian condition. Environmental Management, 30(2), 294–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2702-yspa
dc.relation.referencesCalcagno, V., & de Mazancourt, C. (2010). glmulti: An R package for easy automated model selection with (generalized) linear models. Journal of Statistical Software, 34(12), 29. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v034.i12spa
dc.relation.referencesCanedoli, C., Manenti, R., & Padoa-Schioppa, E. (2018). Birds biodiversity in urban and periurban forests: environmental determinants at local and landscape scales. Urban Ecosystems, 21(4), 779–793. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0757-7spa
dc.relation.referencesCardinale, B. J., Duffy, J. E., Gonzalez, A., Hooper, D. U., Perrings, C., Venail, P., … Naeem, S. (2012). Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity. Nature, 486(7401), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11148spa
dc.relation.referencesCarignan, V., & Villard, M. A. (2002). Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: A review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 78(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016136723584spa
dc.relation.referencesCarvajal-Castro, J. D., Ana María Ospina, L., Toro-López, Y., Anny Pulido, G., Cabrera-Casas, L. X., Guerrero-Peláez, S., … Vargas-Salinas, F. (2019). Birds vs bricks: Patterns of species diversity in response to urbanization in a Neotropical Andean city. PLoS ONE, 14(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218775spa
dc.relation.referencesCasanoves, F., Di Rienzo, J. A., & Pla, L. (2008). User Manual FDiversity: Statistical software for the analysis of functional diversity. First Edition.spa
dc.relation.referencesCasanoves, F., Pla, L., & Di Rienzo, J. A. (2011). Diversidad funcional Valoración y análisis de la diversidad funcional y su relación con los servicios ecosistémicos.spa
dc.relation.referencesCatterall, C. P. (2009). Responses of faunal assemblages to urbanisation: Global research paradigms and an avian case study. Ecology of Cities and Towns: A Comparative Approach, 129–155. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609763.009spa
dc.relation.referencesCavarzere, V., Moraes, G. P., & Donatelli, R. J. (2009). Avifauna da Estação ecológica dos Caetetus, interior de São Paulo, Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49(35), 477–485. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0031-10492009003500001spa
dc.relation.referencesChace, J. F., & Walsh, J. J. (2006). Urban effects on native avifauna: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 74(1), 46–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.08.007spa
dc.relation.referencesChaparro-Herrera, S., Echeverry-Galvis, M. Á., Córdoba-Córdoba, S., & Sua-Becerra, A. (2013). Listado actualizado de las aves endémicas y casi-endémicas de Colombia. Biota Colombiana, 14(2), 235–272. https://doi.org/10.21068/bc.v14i2.289spa
dc.relation.referencesChapin, S. F., Zavaleta, E. S., Eviner, V. T., Naylor, R. L., Vitousek, P. M., Reynolds|, H. L., … Díaz, S. (2000). Consequences of changing biodiversity. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 38(6), 579–585. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjx227spa
dc.relation.referencesChiari, C., Dinetti, M., Licciardello, C., Licitra, G., & Pautasso, M. (2010). Urbanization and the more-individuals hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology, 79(2), 366–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01631.xspa
dc.relation.referencesClergeau, P., Croci, S., Jokimäki, J., Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. L., & Dinetti, M. (2006). Avifauna homogenisation by urbanisation: Analysis at different European latitudes. Biological Conservation, 127(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.035spa
dc.relation.referencesClergeau, P., Jokimäki, J., & Savard, J. P. L. (2001). Are urban bird communities influenced by the bird diversity of adjacent landscapes? Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(5), 1122–1134. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00666.xspa
dc.relation.referencesCohen, W. B., & Goward, S. N. (2004). Landsat’s Role in Ecological Applications of Remote Sensing. BioScience, 54(6), 535. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0535:lrieao]2.0.co;2spa
dc.relation.referencesColin J. Bibby, Neil D. Burgess, D. A. H. and S. H. M. (2000). Bird Census Techniques.spa
dc.relation.referencesConole, L. E., & Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2011). Functional and spatial differentiation of urban bird assemblages at the landscape scale. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(1–2), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.11.007spa
dc.relation.referencesCornelis, J., & Hermy, M. (2004). Biodiversity relationships in urban and suburban parks in Flanders. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69(4), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.038spa
dc.relation.referencesCornwell, W. K., Schwilk, D. W., & Ackerly, D. D. (2006). A trait-based test for habitat filtering: Convex hull volume. Ecology, 87(6), 1465–1471. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1465:ATTFHF]2.0.CO;2spa
dc.relation.referencesCorrea-Salas, Á. D., & Mancera-rodríguez, N. J. (2020). Aves como indicadoras ecológicas de etapas sucesionales en un bosque secundario , Antioquia , Colombia, 68(63), 23–39.spa
dc.relation.referencesCroci, S., Butet, A., Georges, A., Aguejdad, R., & Clergeau, P. (2008). Small urban woodlands as biodiversity conservation hot-spot : A multi-taxon approach, (December). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-008-9257-0spa
dc.relation.referencesCzech, B., Krausman, P. R., & Devers, P. K. (2000). Economic Associations among Causes of Species Endangerment in the United States. BioScience, 50(7), 593. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0593:eaacos]2.0.co;2spa
dc.relation.referencesDale, S. (2018). Urban bird community composition influenced by size of urban green spaces, presence of native forest, and urbanization. Urban Ecosystems, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-017-0706-xspa
dc.relation.referencesDallimer, M., Davies, Z. G., Armsworth, P. R., Diaz-Porras, D. F., Irvine, K. N., Maltby, L., … Gaston, K. J. (2015). Kent Academic Repository. Computers in Human Behavior, 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1444/abstract.spa
dc.relation.referencesDANE. (2018). Resultados: Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Vivienda. Dane. Retrieved from https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/informacion-tecnica/cnpv-2018-presentacion-3ra-entrega.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesDANE, & DCD. (2019). COLOMBIA - Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda-CNPV-2018, 1–128.spa
dc.relation.referencesDaniels, G. D., & Kirkpatrick, J. B. (2006). Does variation in garden characteristics influence the conservation of birds in suburbia? Biological Conservation, 133(3), 326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.06.011spa
dc.relation.referencesde Toledo, M. C. B., Donatelli, R. J., & Batista, G. T. (2012). Relation between green spaces and bird community structure in an urban area in Southeast Brazil. Urban Ecosystems, 15(1), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0195-2spa
dc.relation.referencesDelgado-V, C. A., & Correa-H, J. C. (2013). Estudios ornitológicos urbanos en Colombia: revisión de literatura. Ingeniería y Ciencia, 9(18), 215–236. https://doi.org/10.17230/ingciecia.9.18.12spa
dc.relation.referencesDevictor, V., Julliard, R., Clavel, J., Jiguet, F., Lee, A., Couvet, D., & Umr-, C. V. I. (2008). Functional biotic homogenization of bird communities in disturbed landscapes, 252–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00364.xspa
dc.relation.referencesDíaz, S., & Cabido, M. (2001). Vive la différence: Plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 16(11), 646–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02283-2spa
dc.relation.referencesDing, Z., Feeley, K. J., Wang, Y., Pakeman, R. J., & Ding, P. (2013). Patterns of bird functional diversity on land-bridge island fragments. Journal of Animal Ecology, 82(4), 781–790. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12046spa
dc.relation.referencesEvans, K. L., Chamberlain, D. E., Hatchwell, B. J., Gregory, R. D., & Gaston, K. J. (2011). What makes an urban bird? Global Change Biology, 17(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02247.xspa
dc.relation.referencesEvans, K. L., Newson, S. E., & Gaston, K. J. (2009). Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages, 19–39.spa
dc.relation.referencesFaggi, A., & Perepelizin, P. V. (2006). Riqueza de aves a lo largo de un gradiente de urbanización en la ciudad de Buenos Aires. Revista Del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Nueva Serie, 8(2), 289–297.spa
dc.relation.referencesFerenc, M., Sedláček, O., Fuchs, R., Dinetti, M., Fraissinet, M., & Storch, D. (2014). Are cities different? Patterns of species richness and beta diversity of urban bird communities and regional species assemblages in Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23(4), 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12130spa
dc.relation.referencesFernández-Juricic, E. (2000). Avifaunal use of wooded streets in an urban landscape. Conservation Biology, 14(2), 513–521. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98600.xspa
dc.relation.referencesFernández-Juricic, E., Erichsen, J. T., & Kacelnik, A. (2004). Visual perception and social foraging in birds. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(1), 25–31.spa
dc.relation.referencesFernández-Juricic, E., & Jokimäki, J. (2001). A Habitat Island Approach to Conserving Birds in Urban Landscapes: Case Studies from Southern and Northern Europe Article. Biodiversity and Conservation ·, (10), 2023–2043. https://doi.org/10.1023/Aspa
dc.relation.referencesFerraz, S. F. B., Ferraz, K. M. P. M. B., Cassiano, C. C., Brancalion, P. H. S., da Luz, D. T. A., Azevedo, T. N., … Metzger, J. P. (2014). How good are tropical forest patches for ecosystem services provisioning? Landscape Ecology, 29(2), 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-014-9988-zspa
dc.relation.referencesFilippi-Codaccioni, O., Clobert, J., & Julliard, R. (2009). Urbanisation effects on the functional diversity of avian agricultural communities. Acta Oecologica, 35(5), 705–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2009.07.003spa
dc.relation.referencesFilloy, J., Grosso, S., & Bellocq, M. I. (2015). Urbanization altered latitudinal patterns of bird diversity-environment relationships in the southern Neotropics. Urban Ecosystems, 18(3), 777–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0429-1spa
dc.relation.referencesFilloy, J., Zurita, G., & Bellocq, M. I. (2019). Bird Diversity in Urban Ecosystems: The Role of the Biome and Land Use Along Urbanization Gradients. Ecosystems, 22(1), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0264-yspa
dc.relation.referencesFischer, J. D., Schneider, S. C., Ahlers, A. A., & Miller, J. R. (2015). Categorizing wildlife responses to urbanization and conservation implications of terminology. Conservation Biology, 29(4), 1246–1248. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12451spa
dc.relation.referencesFontana, C. S., Burger, M. I., & Magnusson, W. E. (2011). Bird diversity in a subtropical South-American City: Effects of noise levels, arborisation and human population density. Urban Ecosystems, 14(3), 341–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-011-0156-9spa
dc.relation.referencesFragkias, M., Güneralp, B., Seto, K. C., & Goodness, J. (2013). Urbanization, biodiversity and ecosystem services: Challenges and opportunities: A global assessment. Urbanization, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities: A Global Assessment, 1–755. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7088-1spa
dc.relation.referencesFuentes-Pardo, G. E. (2010). Caracterización de la avifauna del jardín botánico de Cali y Ecoparque Río Cali. Universidad del Valle. Retrieved from http://bibliotecadigital.univalle.edu.co:8080/bitstream/10893/3907/4/CB-0439214.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesGagné, S. A., & Fahrig, L. (2011). Do birds and beetles show similar responses to urbanization? Ecological Applications, 21(6), 2297–2312. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1905.1spa
dc.relation.referencesGalina, A. B., & Gimenes, M. R. (2006). Riqueza, composição e distribuição espacial da comunidade de aves em um fragmento florestal urbano em Maringá, Norte do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Acta Scientiarum - Biological Sciences, 28(4), 379–388spa
dc.relation.referencesGansser, A. (1973). Facts and theories on the Andes: Twenty-sixth William Smith Lecture. Journal of the Geological Society, 129, 93–131. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.129.2.0093spa
dc.relation.referencesGlennon, M. J., & Porter, W. F. (2005). Effects of land use management on biotic integrity : An investigation of bird communities, 126, 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.029spa
dc.relation.referencesGodefroid, S., & Koedam, N. (2007). Urban plant species patterns are highly driven by density and function of built-up areas. Landscape Ecology, 22(8), 1227–1239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9102-xspa
dc.relation.referencesHahs, A. K., McDonnell, M. J., McCarthy, M. A., Vesk, P. A., Corlett, R. T., Norton, B. A., … Williams, N. S. G. (2009). A global synthesis of plant extinction rates in urban areas, (November 2008), 1165–1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01372.xspa
dc.relation.referencesHelzer, C. J., & Jelinski, D. E. (1999). The Relative Importance of Patch Area and Perimeter-Area Ratio to Grassland Breeding Birds Author ( s ): Christopher J . Helzer and Dennis E . Jelinski Published by : Wiley Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/2641409 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service, 9(4), 1448–1458.spa
dc.relation.referencesHsieh, T. C., Ma, K. H., & Chao, A. (2016). iNEXT: an R package for rarefaction and extrapolation of species diversity (Hill numbers). Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 7(12), 1451–1456. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12613spa
dc.relation.referencesIkin, K., Lindenmayer, D., Fischer, J., & Manning, A. D. (2012). Linking bird species traits to vegetation characteristics in a future urban development zone : Implications for urban planning Linking bird species traits to vegetation characteristics in a future urban development zone : implications for urban planning, (December). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-012-0247-2spa
dc.relation.referencesJames, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., & Tibshirani, R. (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in R. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 16(SUPPL. 1), 62–67.spa
dc.relation.referencesJohnson, C. W. (1995). Planning and designing for the multiple use role of habitats in urban/suburban landscapes in the Great Basin. Landscape and Urban Planning, 32(3), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(95)07003-Dspa
dc.relation.referencesJokimäki, J. (1999). Occurrence of breeding bird species in urban parks: Effects of park structure and broad-scale variables. Urban Ecosystems, 3, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1023/Aspa
dc.relation.referencesJokimaki, J., & Suhonen, J. (1993). Effects of urbanization on the breeding bird species richness in Finland: a biogeographical comparison. Ornis Fennica, 70(2), 71–77.spa
dc.relation.referencesJokimäki, J., & Suhonen, J. (1998). Distribution and habitat selection of wintering birds in urban environments. Landscape and Urban Planning, 39(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(97)00089-3spa
dc.relation.referencesKark, S., Iwaniuk, A., Schalimtzek, A., & Banker, E. (2007). Living in the city : Can anyone become an ’ urban exploiter ’? Living in the city : can anyone become an ‘ urban exploiter ’?, (May 2018). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01638.xspa
dc.relation.referencesKarr, J. R. (2006). Seven Foundations of Biological Monitoring and Assessment. Biologia Ambientale, 20(2), 7–18.spa
dc.relation.referencesLancaster, R. K., & Rees, W. E. (1979). Bird communities and the structure of urban habitats. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57(12), 2358–2368. https://doi.org/10.1139/z79-307spa
dc.relation.referencesLe Roux, D. S., Ikin, K., Lindenmayer, D. B., Blanchard, W., Manning, A. D., & Gibbons, P. (2014). Reduced availability of habitat structures in urban landscapes: Implications for policy and practice. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.015spa
dc.relation.referencesLe Roux, P. C., Pellissier, L., Wisz, M. S., & Luoto, M. (2014). Incorporating dominant species as proxies for biotic interactions strengthens plant community models. Journal of Ecology, 102(3), 767–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12239spa
dc.relation.referencesLepczyk, C. A., Sorte, F. A. La, Aronson, M., & Goddard, M. A. (2017). Global Patterns and Drivers of Urban Bird Diversity Chapter 2 Global Patterns and Drivers of Urban Bird Diversity, (February). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43314-1spa
dc.relation.referencesLeveau, C. M., & Leveau, L. M. (2005). Avian community response to urbanization in the pampean region, Argentina. Ornitologia Neotropical, 16(4), 503–510spa
dc.relation.referencesLeveau, L. M., Jokimäki, J., & Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, M. L. (2017). Scale dependence of biotic homogenisation by urbanisation: A comparison of urban bird communities between central argentina and northern Finland. European Journal of Ecology, 3(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1515/eje-2017-0011spa
dc.relation.referencesLeveau, L. M., Leveau, C. M., Villegas, M., Cursach, J. A., & Suazo, C. G. (2017). Bird Communities Along Urbanization Gradients: a Comparative Analysis Among Three Neotropical Cities. Ornitologia Neotropical, 28(June), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmsci.2012.187.192spa
dc.relation.referencesLim, H. C., & Sodhi, N. S. (2004). Responses of avian guilds to urbanisation in a tropical city. Landscape and Urban Planning, 66(4), 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00111-7spa
dc.relation.referencesLivingston, M., Shaw, W. W., & Harris, L. K. (2003). A model for assessing wildlife habitats in urban landscapes of eastern Pima County, Arizona (USA). Landscape and Urban Planning, 64(3), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00217-7spa
dc.relation.referencesLomolino, M. V. (2001). Elevation gradients of species-density: Historical and prospective views. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00229.xspa
dc.relation.referencesLondoño-Betancourth, J. C. (2011). Una mirada a la diversidad ornitológica de Pereira. Boletín Científico Museo Historia Natural, 15(1), 84–103. Retrieved from http://boletincientifico.ucaldas.edu.co/downloads/Boletin(15)1_8.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesLopes, E. V., & Dos Anjos, L. (2006). A composição da avifauna do campus da Universidade Estadual de Londrina, norte do Paraná, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 23(1), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752006000100006spa
dc.relation.referencesLuck, G. W., Lavorel, S., Mcintyre, S., & Lumb, K. (2012). Improving the application of vertebrate trait-based frameworks to the study of ecosystem services. Journal of Animal Ecology, 81(5), 1065–1076. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01974.xspa
dc.relation.referencesLuck, G. W., & Smallbone, L. T. (2010). Species diversity in urban landscapes: patterns, drivers and implications. Citation:spa
dc.relation.referencesLuck, G. W., & Smallbone, L. T. (2013). Species diversity and urbanisation: patterns, drivers and implications. Urban Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511778483.006spa
dc.relation.referencesLuque Fernández, C. R. (2018). Richness and abundance of birds in an urban gradient of Arequipa, southwest of Peru. Arnaldoa, 25(3), 1095–1106. https://doi.org/10.22497/arnaldoa.253.25317spa
dc.relation.referencesMacGregor-Fors, I. (2008). Relation between habitat attributes and bird richness in a western Mexico suburb. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(1), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.06.010spa
dc.relation.referencesMacGregor-Fors, I., Ortega-Álvarez, R., & Schondube, J. E. (2013). On the ecological quality of urban systems : An ornithological perspective, (January).spa
dc.relation.referencesMagurran, A. (2004). Measuring Biologcial Diversity. Blackwell Publishing.spa
dc.relation.referencesMaire, E., Grenouillet, G., Brosse, S., & Villéger, S. (2015). How many dimensions are needed to accurately assess functional diversity ? A pragmatic approach for assessing the quality of functional spaces, 728–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12299spa
dc.relation.referencesManhães, M. A., & Loures-Ribeiro, A. (2011). Avifauna da Reserva Biológica Municipal Poço D’anta, Juiz de Fora, MG. Biota Neotropica, 11(3), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000300023spa
dc.relation.referencesMarín-Gómez, O. H., Garzón Zuluaga, J. I., Santa-Aristizabal, D. M., López, J. H., & López-García, M. M. (2016). Use of urban areas by two emblematic and threatened birds in the central andes of Colombia. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 24(3), 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03544353spa
dc.relation.referencesMarín Gómez, O. H. (2005). Avifauna del campus de la Universidad del Quindio. Boletín SAO, 15(2), 42–60. Retrieved from http://www.sao.org.co/publicaciones/boletinsao/06-Marin-AvifaunaQuindio.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesMartinez, A. (2017). Islas de calor en el área urbana del Valle de Aburrá, 163. Retrieved from http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/57837/1/1039453046.2017.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesMarzluff, J. M. (2001a). Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World. Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, (January). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9spa
dc.relation.referencesMarzluff, J. M. (2001b). Worldwide urbanization and its effects on birds. Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, 19–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9_2spa
dc.relation.referencesMason, N. W. H., Mouillot, D., Lee, W. G., & Wilson, B. (2005). Functional richness, functional evenness and functional divergence: The primary components of functional diversity. Oikos, 111(1), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13886.xspa
dc.relation.referencesMcGarigal, K., Cushman, S., & Stafford, S. (2000). Multivariate statistics for Wildlife and ecology research.spa
dc.relation.referencesMcKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation, 52(10).spa
dc.relation.referencesMcKinney, M. L. (2006). Urbanization as a major cause of biotic homogenization. Biological Conservation, 127(3), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.005spa
dc.relation.referencesMcKinney, M. L. (2008). Effects of urbanization on species richness: A review of plants and animals. Urban Ecosystems, 11(2), 161–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-007-0045-4spa
dc.relation.referencesMelles, S., Glenn, S., & Martin, K. (2003). Urban bird diversity and landscape complexity: Species - Environment associations along a multiscale habitat gradient. Conservation Ecology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-00478-070105spa
dc.relation.referencesMinor, E., & Urban, D. (2010). Forest bird communities across a gradient of urban development. Urban Ecosystems, 13(1), 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-009-0103-1spa
dc.relation.referencesMorelli, F., Benedetti, Y., Su, T., Zhou, B., Moravec, D., Sˇ´imov´a, P., & Liang, W. (2017). Taxonomic diversity, functional diversity and evolutionary uniqueness in bird communities of Beijing’s urban parks: effects of land use and vegetation structure. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2017.03.009spa
dc.relation.referencesMorrone, J. J. (2014). Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical rgion. Zootaxa, 3782(1), 1–110spa
dc.relation.referencesMouchet, M. A., Villéger, S., Mason, N. W. H., & Mouillot, D. (2010). Functional diversity measures: An overview of their redundancy and their ability to discriminate community assembly rules. Functional Ecology, 24(4), 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01695.xspa
dc.relation.referencesNaeem, S., & Wright, J. P. (2003). Disentangling biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning: Deriving solutions to a seemingly insurmountable problem. Ecology Letters, 6(6), 567–579. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00471.xspa
dc.relation.referencesNaranjo, L. G., Amaya, J. D., Eusse-González, D., & Cifuentes-Sarmiento, Y. (2012). Guía de las especies migratorias de la biodiversidad en Colombia. Aves. Retrieved from http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/migratorias_aves_42_final.pdfspa
dc.relation.referencesNdang’ang’a, P. K., Njoroge, J. B. M., Ngamau, K., Kariuki, W., Atkinson, P. W., & Vickery, J. (2013). Effects of crop diversity on bird species richness and abundance in a highland East African agricultural landscape. Ostrich, 84(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2013.775189spa
dc.relation.referencesNewbold, T., Hudson, L. N., Arnell, A. P., Contu, S., Palma, A. De, Ferrier, S., … Purvis, A. (2016). Has land use pushed terrestrial biodiversity beyond the planetary boundary? A global assessment, 353(6296).spa
dc.relation.referencesNiemi, G. J., & McDonald, M. E. (2004). Application of ecological indicators. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35(Rapport 1992), 89–111. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130132spa
dc.relation.referencesO’Connell, T. J., Jackson, L. E., & Brooks, R. P. (2000). Bird Guilds as Indicators of Ecological Condition in the Central Appalachians. Ecological Applications, 10(6), 1706. https://doi.org/10.2307/2641233spa
dc.relation.referencesOcampo-Peñuela, N., & Pimm, S. L. (2014). Setting Practical Conservation Priorities for Birds in the Western Andes of Colombia. Conservation Biology, 28(5), 1260–1270. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12312spa
dc.relation.referencesOliveira Hagen, E., Hagen, O., Ibáñez-Álamo, J. D., Petchey, O. L., & Evans, K. L. (2017). Impacts of Urban Areas and Their Characteristics on Avian Functional Diversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5(July). https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2017.00084spa
dc.relation.referencesOrtega-Álvarez, R., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2009). Living in the big city: Effects of urban land-use on bird community structure, diversity, and composition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 90(3–4), 189–195.spa
dc.relation.referencesOrtega-Álvarez, R., & MacGregor-Fors, I. (2011). Dusting-off the file: A review of knowledge on urban ornithology in Latin America. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.12.020spa
dc.relation.referencesPakeman, R. J. (2011). Functional diversity indices reveal the impacts of land use intensification on plant community assembly. Journal of Ecology, 99(5), 1143–1151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01853.xspa
dc.relation.referencesPautasso, M., Böhning-Gaese, K., Clergeau, P., Cueto, V. R., Dinetti, M., Fernández-Juricic, E., … Cantarello, E. (2011). Global macroecology of bird assemblages in urbanized and semi-natural ecosystems. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(3), 426–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00616.xspa
dc.relation.referencesPhilpott, S. M., Soong, O., Lowenstein, J. H., Luz Pulido, A., Lopez, D. T., Flynn, D. F. B., & Declerck, F. (2009). Functional richness and ecosystem services: Bird predation on arthropods in tropical agroecosystems. Ecological Applications, 19(7), 1858–1867. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1928.1spa
dc.relation.referencesPickett, S. T. A., Cadenasso, M. L., Grove, J. M., Nilon, C. H., Pouyat, R. V., Zipperer, W. C., & Costanza, R. (2008). Urban ecological systems: Linking terrestrial ecological, physical, and socioeconomic components of metropolitan areas. Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature, 99–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_7spa
dc.relation.referencesPincheira et al. (2009). Tamaño y forma de fragmentos de bosque y su relación con la riqueza de especies de árboles y arbustos. Phyton (Buenos Aires), 78(2), 121–128. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1851-56572009000200007spa
dc.relation.referencesPodani, J., & Schmera, D. (2006). On dendrogram-based measures of functional diversity. Oikos, 115(1), 179–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.15048.xspa
dc.relation.referencesPretzsch, H. (2009). Forest dynamics, growth and yield: From measurement to model. Forest Dynamics, Growth and Yield: From Measurement to Model. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88307-4spa
dc.relation.referencesProppe, D. S., Sturdy, C. B., & St. Clair, C. C. (2013). Anthropogenic noise decreases urban songbird diversity and may contribute to homogenization. Global Change Biology, 19(4), 1075–1084. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12098spa
dc.relation.referencesPuga-Caballero, A., MacGregor-Fors, I., & Ortega-Álvarez, R. (2014). Birds at the urban fringe: Avian community shifts in different peri-urban ecotones of a megacity. Ecological Research, 29(4), 619–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-014-1145-2spa
dc.relation.referencesQuantum-GIS-Development-Team. (2018). Quantum GIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project.spa
dc.relation.referencesQuine, C. P., Fuller, R. J., Smith, K. W., & Grice, P. V. (2007). Stand management: A threat or opportunity for birds in British woodland? Ibis, 149(SUPPL. 2), 161–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00742.xspa
dc.relation.referencesRahbek, C., Borregaard, M. K., Colwell, R. K., Dalsgaard, B., Holt, B. G., Morueta-Holme, N., … Fjeldså, J. (2019). Humboldt’s enigma: What causes global patterns of mountain biodiversity? Science, 365(6458), 1108–1113. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0149spa
dc.relation.referencesReichard, S. H., Chalker-Scott, L., & Buchanan, S. (2001). Interactions among non-native plants and birds. Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World, 179–223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1531-9_9spa
dc.relation.referencesReis, E., López-iborra, G. M., & Torres, R. (2012). Landscape and Urban Planning Changes in bird species richness through different levels of urbanization : Implications for biodiversity conservation and garden design in Central Brazil. Landscape and Urban Planning, 107(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.04.009spa
dc.relation.referencesRheindt, F. E. (2003). The impact of roads on birds: Does song frequency play a role in determining susceptibility to noise pollution? Journal Fur Ornithologie, 144(3), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0361.2003.03004.xspa
dc.relation.referencesRincon, H. D., Zea, J. D., & Zebala, L. P. P. (2011). Arboles nativos y ciudad, aportes a la silvicultura urbana de Medellínspa
dc.relation.referencesRíos-Touma, B., Acosta, R., & Prat, N. (2014). The Andean biotic index (ABI): Revised tolerance to pollution values for macroinvertebrate families and index performance evaluation. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 62(February), 249–273. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v62i0.15791spa
dc.relation.referencesRivera-gutiérrez, H. F. (2006). Composición y estructura de una comunidad de aves en un área suburbana en el suroccidente colombiano, 4, 28–38spa
dc.relation.referencesRodrigues, A. G., Borges-Martins, M., & Zilio, F. (2018). Bird diversity in an urban ecosystem: the role of local habitats in understanding the effects or urbanization. Iheringia, Série Zoologia, 108(e2018017), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4766e2018017spa
dc.relation.referencesRosenfeld, J. S. (2002). Functional redundancy in ecology and conservation. Oikos, 98(1), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980116.xspa
dc.relation.referencesRuaro, R., & Gubiani, É. A. (2013). A scientometric assessment of 30 years of the Index of Biotic Integrity in aquatic ecosystems: Applications and main flaws. Ecological Indicators, 29, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.12.016spa
dc.relation.referencesSacco, A. G., Rui, A. M., Bergmann, F. B., Müller, S. C., & Hartz, S. M. (2015). Perda de diversidade taxonômica e funcional de aves em área urbana no sul do Brasil. Iheringia - Serie Zoologia, 105(3), 276–287. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-476620151053276287spa
dc.relation.referencesSax, D. F., & Gaines, S. D. (2003). Species diversity: From global decreases to local increases. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18(11), 561–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00224-6spa
dc.relation.referencesSchiller, A., Hunsaker, C. T., Kane, M. A., Wolfe, A. K., Dale, V. H., Suter, G. W., … Konar, V. C. (2001). Communicating ecological indicators to decision makers and the public. Ecology and Society, 5(1).spa
dc.relation.referencesSchleuter, D., Daufresne, M., Massol, F., & Argillier, C. (2010). A user ’ s guide to functional diversity indices, 80(3), 469–484.spa
dc.relation.referencesSchütz, C., & Schulze, C. H. (2015). Functional diversity of urban bird communities: Effects of landscape composition, green space area and vegetation cover. Ecology and Evolution, 5(22), 5230–5239. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.1778spa
dc.relation.referencesSérgio, B., & Guilherme, E. (2000). Comunidades de aves em um fragmento florestal urbano em Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. Ararajuba, 8(1), 17–23.spa
dc.relation.referencesSeto, K. C., Güneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(40), 16083–16088. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211658109spa
dc.relation.referencesSevillano, C. S. (2016). Diversity, ecology, and conservation of bird communities of polylepis woodlands in the northern andes of peru. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004spa
dc.relation.referencesShochat, E., Lerman, S. B., Anderies, J. M., Warren, P. S., Faeth, S. H., & Nilon, C. H. (2010). Invasion, Competition, and Biodiversity Loss in Urban Ecosystems. BioScience, 60(3), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2010.60.3.6spa
dc.relation.referencesShwartz, A., Shirley, S., & Kark, S. (2008). How do habitat variability and management regime shape the spatial heterogeneity of birds within a large Mediterranean urban park? Landscape and Urban Planning, 84(3–4), 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.08.003spa
dc.relation.referencesShwartz, A., Simon, L., Julliard, R., & Muratet, A. (2013). Local and management variables outweigh landscape effects in enhancing the diversity of different taxa in a big metropolis Local and management variables outweigh landscape effects in enhancing the diversity of different taxa in a big metropolis. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION, 157(July 2018), 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2012.09.009spa
dc.relation.referencesSims, V., Evans, K. L., Newson, S. E., Tratalos, J. A., & Gaston, K. J. (2008). Avian assemblage structure and domestic cat densities in urban environments. Diversity and Distributions, 14(2), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00444.xspa
dc.relation.referencesSkórka, P., Żmihorski, M., Grzędzicka, E., Martyka, R., & Sutherland, W. J. (2018). The role of churches in maintaining bird diversity: A case study from southern Poland. Biological Conservation, 226(February), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.013spa
dc.relation.referencesSol, D., González-Lagos, C., Moreira, D., Maspons, J., & Lapiedra, O. (2014). Urbanisation tolerance and the loss of avian diversity. Ecology Letters, 17(8), 942–950. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12297spa
dc.relation.referencesSubirós, J. V., Linde, D. V., Pascual, A. L., & Palom, A. R. (1996). Conceptos y métodos fundamentales en ecología del paisaje (landscape ecology). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 92(3–4), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00223681spa
dc.relation.referencesSummers, P. D., Cunnington, G. M., & Fahrig, L. (2011). Are the negative effects of roads on breeding birds caused by traffic noise? Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(6), 1527–1534. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02041.xspa
dc.relation.referencesSutherland, W. J., Newton, I., & Green, R. E. (2004). Bird Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques. New York: Oxford University Press / USA.spa
dc.relation.referencesSutherland, W. J., Pullin, A. S., Dolman, P. M., & Knight, T. M. (2004). bird census techniques extract. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(6), 305–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.018spa
dc.relation.referencesTerborgh, J. (1971). Distribution on Environmental Gradients : Theory and a Preliminary Interpretation of Distributional Patterns in the Avifauna of the Cordillera Vilcabamba , Peru Author ( s ): John Terborgh Published by : Ecological Society of America Stable URL : http://w. Ecology, 52(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.2307/1934735spa
dc.relation.referencesTerborgh, J. (1977). Bird Species Diversity on an Andean Elevational Gradient Author ( s ): John Terborgh Published by : Ecological Society of America Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/1936921 . BIRD SPECIES DIVERSITY ON AN ANDEAN ELEVATIONAL GRADIENT ’. Ecology, 58(5), 1007–1019.spa
dc.relation.referencesThrelfall, C. G., Mata, L., Mackie, J. A., Hahs, A. K., Stork, N. E., Williams, N. S. G., & Livesley, S. J. (2017). Increasing biodiversity in urban green spaces through simple vegetation interventions. Journal of Applied Ecology, 54(6), 1874–1883. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12876spa
dc.relation.referencesThrelfall, C. G., Williams, N. S. G., Hahs, A. K., & Livesley, S. J. (2016). Approaches to urban vegetation management and the impacts on urban bird and bat assemblages. Landscape and Urban Planning, 153, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.04.011spa
dc.relation.referencesTilman, D., Knops, J., Wedin, D., Reich, P., Ritchie, M., & Siemann, E. (1997). The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science, 277(5330), 1300–1302. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5330.1300spa
dc.relation.referencesTinoco, B. A., Santillán, V. E., & Graham, C. H. (2018). Land use change has stronger effects on functional diversity than taxonomic diversity in tropical Andean hummingbirds. Ecology and Evolution, 8(6), 3478–3490. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3813spa
dc.relation.referencesTscharntke, T., Sekercioglu, cagan h, Dietsch, thomas v, Sodhi, navjot s, Hoehn, P., & Tylianakis, jason m. (2008). Landscape constraints on functional diversity of birds and insects in tropical agroecosystems. Ecological Society of America.spa
dc.relation.referencesTurner, W. R., Nakamura, T., & Dinetti, M. (2004). Global Urbanization and the Separation of Humans from Nature. BioScience, 54(6), 585. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0585:guatso]2.0.co;2spa
dc.relation.referencesUnited Nations. (2014). Concise Report on the World Population Situation in 2014. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, 1–38.spa
dc.relation.referencesUnited Nations. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects. Demographic Research (Vol. 12). https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2005.12.9spa
dc.relation.referencesUnited Nations. (2019). World Population Prospects 2019. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Population Prospects 2019. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12283219spa
dc.relation.referencesValiela, I., & Martinetto, P. (2007). Changes in Bird Abundance in Eastern North America: Urban Sprawl and Global Footprint? BioScience, 57(4), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1641/b570410spa
dc.relation.referencesVásquez-Muñoz, J., & Castaño-Villa, G. (2008). Identificación de áreas prioritarias para la conservación de la avifauna en la zona urbana del municipio de Medellín, Colombia. Boletín Científico Museo Historia Natural, 12, 51–61. Retrieved from http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0123-30682008000100005&script=sci_abstractspa
dc.relation.referencesVillacís, B., & Carrillo, D. (2011). Estadística Demográfica en el Ecuador: Diagnóstico y Propuestas. Inec, 86. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2010.8spa
dc.relation.referencesVilléger, S., Mason, N. W. H., & Mouillot, D. (2008). New multidimensional functional diversity indices for a multifaceted framework in functional ecology. Ecology, 89(8), 2290–2301. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1206.1spa
dc.relation.referencesWalt, L. Van Der. (2013). Landscape functionality and plant diversity of grassland fragments along an urban-rural gradient in the Tlokwe Municipal area, South Africa, (May).spa
dc.relation.referencesWatson, J. E. M., Whittaker, R. J., & Freudenberger, D. (2005). Bird community responses to habitat fragmentation: How consistent are they across landscapes? Journal of Biogeography, 32(8), 1353–1370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01256.xspa
dc.relation.referencesWhite, J. G., Antos, M. J., Fitzsimons, J. A., & Palmer, G. C. (2005). Non-uniform bird assemblages in urban environments : the influence of streetscape vegetation, 71, 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.02.006spa
dc.relation.referencesWilman, H., J., B., J., S., C., de L. R., M., R., & W, J. (2014). EltonTraits 1 . 0 : Species-level foraging attributes of the world ’ s birds and mammals. Ecology, 95(October 2013), 2027spa
dc.rightsDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombiaspa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.licenseAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacionalspa
dc.rights.spaAcceso abiertospa
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.ddc330 - Economía::333 - Economía de la tierra y de la energíaspa
dc.subject.proposalDiversidad funcionalspa
dc.subject.proposalBird-based homogenizationeng
dc.subject.proposalHomogenización bióticaspa
dc.subject.proposalBird richnesseng
dc.subject.proposalFunctional diversityeng
dc.subject.proposalAvesspa
dc.subject.proposalUrban green spaceseng
dc.titleBird diversity patterns in northern Andes cities and functional diversity in urban green spaces in Medellín-Colombiaspa
dc.title.alternativePatrones de diversidad en el norte de los Andes y diversidad funcional de aves en los espacios verdes urbanos en Medellín-Colombiaspa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestríaspa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdccspa
dc.type.coarversionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aaspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionspa
oaire.accessrightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2spa

Archivos

Bloque original

Mostrando 1 - 1 de 1
Miniatura
Nombre:
1016051420.2021.pdf
Tamaño:
3.19 MB
Formato:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Descripción:
Tesis de Maestría en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo
Descargar

Bloque de licencias

Mostrando 1 - 1 de 1
Miniatura
Nombre:
license.txt
Tamaño:
3.87 KB
Formato:
Item-specific license agreed upon to submission
Descripción:
Descargar

Colecciones

Maestría en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo